No. AV.29017/5/2020-DT
Government of India
Ministry of Civil aviation
Rajiv Gandhi lihawan,
New Delhi-110021
Dated 21st May, 2020
Order
The Government has decided for recommencement of domestic air travel of passengers with effect from 25th May 2020. In order to ensure safety of the passengers during prevailing circumstances due to COVID19 pandemic, precautionary measures need to be taken by various stakeholders. Accordingly, General Instructions; Guidelines to be followed by passengers; and Specific Operating Guidelines for major stakeholders (Airlines, Airport Operators, Ground Handling Agencies, etc.) are annexed for compliance of all concerned.
This is issued with the approval of Hon MOS (I/C), Civil Aviation.
Joint Secretary
Annexure I: General instructions for commencement of domestic air travel.
Annexure II: The detailed guidelines to he followed by air passengers.
Annexure III: Specific operating guidelines for major stakeholders.
To:
1. The Secretaries of Ministries/Departments of Government of India
2. The Chief Secretaries/Administrators of States/Union Territories
Copy to:
1. Secretary, Ministry of Civil Aviation
2. PS to Hon MOS (1/C), Civil Aviation
3. DG, DGCA
4. DG, BCAS
5. Other concerned officials and stakeholders (as per standard circulation)
Annexure – I
General Instructions for commencement of domestic air travel
Air travel of passengers, both domestic and international, has been prohibited since 25th March 2020. Now it has been decided by Government that domestic air travel of passengers shall resume with effect from 25th May, 2020 (order of MHA dated 20th May, 2020). Accordingly, Ministry of Civil Aviation has developed general instructions and detailed guidelines for air travel of passengers and major stakeholders (Airlines, Airports, Security Agencies, Ground Handling Agencies and Health Authorities, etc.) by incorporating necessary safeguards in consultation with Experts and Stakeholders.
General Instructions:
a. On the day of commencement, limited operations (about 1/3d) would be permitted.
b. Further augmentation of flights will be done in a calibrated manner.
c. Vulnerable persons, such as very elderly, pregnant ladies, passengers with health issues are advised to avoid air travel.
d. No physical check-in at airport counters would be done. Only those passengers with confirmed web check-in shall be allowed to enter the airport.
e. Airlines should adhere to the lower and upper limits of fares prescribed by the Ministry during the period of COVID-19 pandemic.
f. A self-declaration/ Aarogya Setu App status (for compatible device) would also be obtained that the passenger is five of COVID-19 Passengers with “Red” status in Aarogya Setu App would not be permitted to travel.
g. Passengers will be required to wear the protective gear (Face mask).
h. The airlines shall not provide meal services on board.
i. The cabin crew are required to be in full protective suit.
j. Only one check-in bag will be allowed.
k. No newspaper or magazine shall be provided on board by the airlines.
l. Use of baggage trolleys has to be minimised.
m. Passengers should report at least two hours before the departure time.
n. Airline shall furnish the passengers manifest in the prescribed format to the State / UT Governments as per their requirement.
o. The detailed guideline to he followed by passengers is at Annexure-II. For the sake of convenience of passengers, the guidelines have been divided into four parts.
1. Origin to airport.
2. At the airport.
3. In the aircraft.
4. From airport to destination.
p. Specific operating guidelines are communicated for major stakeholders (Airlines, Airports, Ground Handling Agencies, etc.) is at Annexure-III.
Annexure-II
The detailed guidelines to be followed by air passengers:
Mentioning the movement of a passenger from the origin to the destination.
1. From Origin to Airport
a. Passengers should familiarize themselves about the new procedures at the Especially, about the norms of social distancing, minimum touch, baggage limitations, COVID-19 declaration, registering on Aarogya Setu App, digital payments, use of authorized taxis. Expect slower processes and hence avoid last minute reaching the airport.
b. Passenger to ensure that he/she has made a web check-in and obtained a boarding pass. He/she should also download the baggage tag /baggage identification number.
c. In the initial stage passenger would be entitled to carry maximum of one hand baggage and one checked-in baggage as per the specifications by the airline of his
d. Passengers, before entering the terminal, to ensure wearing of protective gear, as per the prevailing requirement. He will continue to wear the mask throughout the journey.
e. Passenger to report at the airport as per revised reporting time i.e. D – 2 hours.
f. Passenger should travel in an authorized taxi/personal vehicle following the norms specified by MHA.
g. During transit to airport, the passenger should take all precautions to prevent
infection.
h. The passenger shall not travel if he/she is staying in a containment zone. Also, they should not travel if they have been tested positive for COVID-19. The passengers are expected to certify the status of their health through the Aarogya Setu app or a self-declaration form.
i. If a passenger who is not permitted to fly, undertakes an air journey he/she shall be liable for penal action.
j. The passenger shall give a declaration to the following effect:
i. I/we am/are not residing in any containment zone.
ii. I/we am/are not suffering from any fever/cough/any respiratory distress.
iii. I/we am are not under quarantine.
iv. If I/we develop any of the above-mentioned symptoms I shall contact the concerned health authorities, immediately.
v. I/we have not tested COVID-19 positive in last two months.
vi. I/we am eligible to travel as per the extant norms.
vii. I/we make my mobile number / contact details available to the airlines whenever required by them.
viii. I/we understand that if I/we undertake the air journey without meeting the eligibility criteria, I/we would be liable to penal action.
ix. I/we undertake to adhere to the health protocol prescribed by the destination State / UT.
k. The airlines shall ensure that the hoarding pass is issued only after the declaration given above has been made by the passenger. In case of a PNR having more than one passenger, the declaration would be deemed to be covering all the passengers mentioned in the PNR.
l. The passenger shall print the baggage tag and affix it on the bag at a prominent place. In case he/she is not able to print the baggage tag the PNR number and the name of the passenger (as mentioned in the ticket) should be boldly written on a piece of thick paper and affixed to the bag or tag it with the help of a strong string.
m. Passengers are advised to carry minimum baggage as use of trolleys would be permitted sparingly.
2. At the Airport:
a. Entering the terminal building.
i. The passenger should get down from his/her vehicle with the face mask on and with the required documents/e-documents. He would continue to wear his mask throughout the journey.
ii. He/she walk in the forecourt area and arrive at the thermal screening facility near the entry gate.
iii. He should get himself/herself checked for This will be done by a designated staff of the Airport. The status of “Aarogya Setu” should be displayed to the staff.
iv. In case of non-availability of Aarogya Setu, the passenger should be facilitated to go a counter provided by the airport where Aarogya Setu can be downloaded. Children below fourteen years of age would be exempt from this requirement.
v. The passenger shall, then, move to the CISF counter at the entry check‑point. He/she shall display/show his identity card, the boarding pass/‑ e-boarding pass to the CISF staff The CISF staff on confirming the identity of the person shall allow him/her in.
vi. The passenger shall then proceed to the baggage drop counter.
vii. At the baggage drop counter the passenger shall display the PNR and his/her identification to the staff. The passenger shall also show/indicate the PNR number written/printed on his/her baggage to the staff. Upon confirmation, the staff shall print the baggage tag, attach it on the bag and accept the bag. Instead of issuing a printed receipt to the passenger, an electronic receipt in the form of an SMS shall be sent to the passenger.
viii. Passengers are mandated to adhere to the single baggage policy in the initial phase.
ix. Passengers to adhere to the social distancing which would be specified at the airports through markings like circle, square or tensor barrier as specified at the airport to be used by the passenger.
x. Passengers to complete the check-in procedure and baggage drop of at least 60 minutes before departure.
b. Security
i. Arrangements have been made at airports to guide passengers to walk through the pre-embarkation security screening. Passengers should follow the directions as announced by the authorities.
ii. Passengers should divest of all metal on their body to facilitate the security screening. Also, bring only one hand luggage as per specified size allowed by the
iii. Security staff will practice ‘minimum touch’ concept to reduce physical contact with the passengers. Passengers to cooperate with security staff by following the instructions for their own safety and security.
c. Security Hold Area including Lounge, Prayer Room, Kids play area etc.
i. Passengers to proceed to security hold area after security screening.
ii. While waiting in the security hold area they should maintain social distancing and sanitization protocols. Chairs marked ‘Not For Use’ should not be occupied.
iii. While going around F&B, retail outlets, etc., passengers maintain hygiene and should be aware of the social distancing and locations where sanitizer would be available.
iv. Passengers should dispose of all the bio hazardous material like used masks, gloves, tissues etc. in the yellow colored disposable bins/bags placed at strategic locations at the airport.
d. Boarding
i. Passenger should give attention to the various communication materials displayed at the airport about various health advisories relating to pre-boarding and during the flight precautions.
ii. Passenger to collect the safety kit (three layered surgical masks, face shield and sanitizer) from the airlines near the boarding gate. They should wear mask, face shield and sanitize their hands before proceeding to the boarding gate for scanning of the boarding pass.
iii. Passenger should give attention to boarding announcements and reach the boarding queue by following distancing.
iv. Check-in of the boarding pass would be done by the passenger by self scanning of e-boarding pass.
v. Passengers would be required to show their ID card to the airline staff at the boarding gate.
vi. Passenger to board the aircraft in a sequential mariner as per the announcement by the
3. In the Aircraft
a. Throughout the flight, hygiene and sanitation to be maintained by the Face to face interaction to be minimized.
b. Passenger are advised to minimize use of lavatory and to avoid any non-essential movement in the aisles.
c. No queuing at the lavatory and only one companion for children and the elderly to be allowed.
d. No meal services would be made available in the aircraft. Water bottle to he made available in the galley area or on the Passengers would not be permitted to consume any eatables inside the aircraft during the flight.
e. Passengers to note that No paper / magazine will be available in the aircraft.
g. There would be no on-board sale of any item to minimize the physical contacts.
h. If any passenger feels uncomfortable, fatigued or have cough, it should be brought to the notice of the crew for handling the passenger.
4. From Airport to Destination
a. Arrival
i. The disembarkation from the airlines would be sequential and passengers are advised to follow the instructions and not to rush to the exit gate.
ii. Social distance / sanitation should be maintained at the arrival gate, aerobridges, coaches, jet ladders, ramps etc.
iii. Trolleys in the arrival area to be used sparingly.
b. Baggage Collection
i. Passenger to wait at the baggage hold area till the baggage arrives in
ii. Transit passenger will not be allowed to come out of the transit
c. Exit from Airport
i. Passenger should use the authorized taxi maintaining the prescribed hygiene protocols.
ii. Only authorized taxis are allowed for taking the passenger from the airport.
ii. Passengers are advised to follow the social distancing and hygiene while travelling in any mode of On arrival at their destination, the travelling passengers will have to adhere to such health protocols as are prescribed by the destination State/UT.
Annexure III
Specific Operating Guidelines for Major Stakeholders (Airlines)
Measures to be Taken by the Airlines
1. The Airlines shall make all arrangements so as to ensure that the risk of transmission of COVID-19 virus is minimized. Precautionary measures need to be taken within the aircraft as well at the time of check-in, boarding and arrival at the destination. The airlines shall ensure coordination among the other service providers such as the airports, security agencies, ground handling agencies etc. without comprising on the generality of the above, the airlines shall take the following measures:
2. Pre-Departure Requirements
a. All airlines to disseminate the information regarding the precautionary measures to be taken by the passengers. This should be done through their web-sites, travel agents, call centres, display at airports, assistance booths at the etc.
b. Airlines to train/ educate their staff and the staff of the ground handlers about the various measures that need to be taken.
c. Airlines to ensure that their aircraft are sanitized after every trip and at the end of the day, as per the protocol prescribed by the DGCA.
d. All airlines to take adequate steps to ensure that all tickets are sold They should build enough redundancy so as to ensure uninterrupted service to the passengers.
e. Educate the passenger about the web check-in process. They should provide alternatives if a passenger does not have a computer at home. Facilities of tele check-in should also be provided.
f. Inform all passengers that they will have to necessarily follow a web check‑in/ tele check-in process.
g. Airlines should devise a system that web-check-in or tele check-in is possible only when the passenger certifies the status of their health through the Aarogya Seta App or a self-declaration form. The passenger shall give a declaration to the following effect:
i. I/we am/are not residing in any containment zone.
ii. I/we am/are not suffering from any fever/cough/any respiratory
iii. I/we am are not under quarantine.
iv. If Ilwe develop any of the above-mentioned symptoms I shall contact the concerned health authorities, immediately.
v. I/we have not tested COVID-19 positive in last two months.
vi. I/we am eligible to travel as per the extant norms.
vii. shall make my mobile number I contact details available to the airlines whenever required by them.
viii. understand that if I undertake the air journey without meeting the eligibility criteria, I would be liable to penal action.
h. The airlines shall ensure that the boarding pass is issued only after the declaration given above has been made by the passenger. In case of a PNR having more than one passenger, the declaration would be deemed to be covering all the passengers mentioned in the PNR.
i. The airlines shall keep a record of the aforesaid declaration and make it available to any Central Government or State Government agency if required.
j. The airlines shall inform the passenger that only one check-in baggage is allowed apart from the hand baggage. The hand baggage shall he governed by the normal norms of the airlines. The check-in baggage should not exceed 20 kg, beyond which the airlines can charge.
k. The booking system of the airlines should provide for printing of baggage tag by the passenger himself/herself. An alternative simple mechanism should also be provided to the passengers.
3. Arrival at the Airport
a. Inform the passenger that the reporting time at the airport is at least two hours before the scheduled time of departure.
b. Provide adequate protective gear to all their staff.
c. Ensure that all their staff is adequately trained about the various protective measures.
d. Make adequate staff available at the entry to the airport to assist the passengers.
e. The body temperature of each passenger to be Symptomatic passengers should not be allowed to enter the airport. Passengers denied travel due high temperature or age to be permitted to change their date of travel without penalty. Airlines to keep all such records.
f. For passengers with special needs like wheel chair, unaccompanied minor , the handling staff to be in full protection gear with pre-sanitized wheelchairs.
4. Baggage Drop Facilities
a. Airlines should provide enough number of counters to facilitate easy baggage drop by the passengers.
b. At the baggage drop counter arrangement shall be made such that the passenger displays the PNR and his/her identification to the staff. The passenger shall also show/indicate the PNR number written/printed on his/her baggage to the staff. Upon confirmation, the staff shall print the baggage tag, attach it on the bag and accept the bag. Instead of issuing a printed receipt to the passenger, an electronic receipt in the firm of an SMS shall be sent to the passenger.
c. Frontline staff to wear mandatory Protective gear. Staff at counters and ensure safe distance while accepting baggage.
d. Only one hand baggage and one piece of checked-in baggage (20 kg) to be permitted in initial phase.
e. The baggage drop procedure to be completed at least 60 minutes before departure.
f. The airline should prominently display the precautionary steps to be taken by the passenger.
g. Any payment made on account of tickets / excess baggage etc. to be accepted through Digital Mode only.
h. Airline to release passengers for security after check-in / baggage drop off in restricted numbers to ensure social distancing at the security gates.
5. At the Boarding Gate
a. Airlines to make announcements at the waiting area and educate the passengers.
b. Boarding to commence 60 minutes before departure and gate to close at D-20 minutes.
c. Airlines to supply protection kit to each passenger (three layered surgical masks, face shield and sanitizer) near the boarding gate. They should wear mask and sanitize their hands before proceeding to the boarding gate for scanning of the hoarding pass. Passengers to continue wearing the mask throughout the journey.
d. The body temperature of each passenger to be taken at the Symptomatic passengers should not be permitted to board the aircraft.
e. Staggered sequential boarding in batches of 10 to be practiced. If possible, self-scanning of paper / e-boarding pass. The passengers to display their ID before boarding.
f. No passenger to be allowed to board without face mask.
g. Check-in of the boarding pass would be done by the passenger by self‑scanning of c-boarding pass. Passengers would be required to show their ID card to the airline staff at the boarding gate.
h. Ensure that the passengers board the aircraft in a sequential manner as per the announcement by the airlines.
i. if a bus is being used for boarding, the airlines shall ensure that the bus is not Also, the bus should be sanitized continuously.
f. Airlines should ensure that there is no crowding on the step ladder. The grab rails of the step ladder should be sanitized continuously
6. Inside the Aircraft
a. Throughout the flight, hygiene and sanitation shall be maintained by the passengers. Face to face interaction to be minimized.
b. Cabin Crew must wear PPE, which includes full body gown, shoe cover, mask, gloves etc. All PPE, its type and its material to conform to the standards and specifications laid down by international bodies like ICAO / WHO / ICMR etc.
c. All passengers shall wear face mask while in the aircraft.
d. Hand baggage to be restricted to bare Stowage bins to be closed as soon as full so as to avoid unwarranted touch. Offload over-sized / excess cabin baggage, if any, as early as possible and send to Cargo hold.
e. Passenger to be advised to minimize use of lavatory and to avoid any non‑essential movement in the aisles.
f. Ensure that there is no queuing at the lavatory and only one companion for children and the elderly to be allowed.
g. There shall he no meal services in the aircraft. Water bottle to be made available in the galley area or on the Passengers would not be permitted to consume any eatables inside the aircraft during the flight (except on health grounds)
h. No paper / magazine will be available in the aircraft.
i. Repeated announcements to he made w.r.t. COVID- 19 safety protocols. Also, passengers to be advised to minimize the use of lavatories, and to avoid any non-essential movement in the aisles.
j. There would be no onboard sale of any item to minimize the physical contacts.
k. On arrival at the destination, the passengers should be allowed to exit in a sequence so as to avoid any bunching.
l. Airplane lavatories to be cleaned / sanitized after every one hour of flight. Sprayed with disinfecting solution from time to time.
m. Clearance of seat pockets of all items except for safety card, which will be replaced or sanitized after every flight.
n. All on-board sales to be suspended.
7. General
a. Airlines to do health check-up of all crew regularly.
b. All flying crew to be given full protective suits.
c. All crew to be sufficiently educated and trained about preventive measures.
d. As far as practically possible, the same set of cabin and cockpit crew to be rostered together to prevent possibility of cross-contamination.
e. The norms for cockpit crew entry in cockpit before the flight and exit post flight to be laid down so as to ensure minimum exposure and contact with the passengers.
f. Strict norms to be put in place to ensure restricted entry of ground staff in the aircraft and particularly the cockpit.
g. The entry of cabin crew in cockpit during flight to be restricted to minimum possible.
h. If any crew or other staff comes in contact of COVID-19 patient or exposed to possible infection, the AP110 at the airport to be contacted. Airport operators and Health officials to have we]] defined processes to handle COVID-19 positive cases or any other health emergency.
i. Cleaning and disinfection of frequently /recently touched surfaces after every flight with alcohol-based cleaning agent. Galley and Lavatories also to be sanitized and disinfected. Approved procedures for disinfection using OEM / DGCA approved chemicals reagents to be used.
j. DGCA would issue (if not already issued) the COVID-l9 specific detailed guidelines, as required, in respect of technical issues, training of crew, and processes related to operations and maintenance including cleaning / sanitizing of aircraft etc. for strict compliance by all concerned.
k. All aircraft to be sanitized after each trip as per the norms laid down by DGCA.
l. At the end of the day each aircraft to be fully sanitized as per the norms of the DGCA.
m. Airlines to have guidelines in place for disinfection during a transit flights having passengers for onward destination. Appropriate air-conditioning inside the aircraft he provided.
n. In case of COVID-19 related medical emergency on board, aircraft disinfection to be carried with special attention to the affected seats.
o. Airlines shall furnish the passengers manifest of each flight to the State / UT in the following format:
| Seat Number (In Sequence) | Name of the Passenger |
Contact Number | Destination Address |
Pin code of the Destination Address |
Specific Operating Guidelines for Major Stakeholders (Airports)
Measures to be taken at the Airports
1. The Airport operators shall make all arrangements so as to ensure that the risk of transmission of COVID-19 virus is minimized. Social distancing measures shall be enforced for the passengers at the airports. The airport operators shall take adequate sanitization measures. The airports shall ensure coordination among the other service providers such as the airlines, security agencies, ground handling agencies etc. Without comprising on the generality of the above the airport operators shall take the following measures:
2. At Airport Entry
a. Only passengers with departures in the next four hours or less to he allowed inside the airport.
b. Prominently display the precautionary measures that need to be taken by all staff and passengers.
c. Ensure that no passenger without wearing a mask is allowed entry in the airport.
d. Provide adequate disembarkation points for vehicles so as to avoid crowding.
e. Temperature screening of the passengers entering in the terminal area and at boarding point to be ensured. (At the boarding point the airlines shall discharge this function)
f. Passengers & staff showing any symptoms, Aarogya Setu App not showing “green” are not to be allowed to enter the terminal building. If Aarogya Setu App is not available then a declaration needs to be taken that the person is not infected with COVID-l9. Vulnerable persons such very elderly with co-morbidities, pregnant ladies, passengers with ailments are advised to avoid air travel.
g. Mats / carpet soaked with bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite solution) to be placed at entrance for disinfecting shoes.
h. Use of trolleys to he discouraged in departure and arrival area. However, select few passengers, requiring the same due genuine reasons, to be provided on request basis only. All trolleys must be disinfected by suitable means like disinfecting spray etc.
i. Designate separate entry gates for different airlines to avoid crowding. (to the extent possible).
3. Inside the Terminal Building
a. Ensure social distance markings and separated seating in the forecourt area.
b. For passengers with special needs like wheel chair, unaccompanied minor etc., the handling staff to be in full protection gear with pre-sanitized wheelchairs.
c. Prominently display the precautionary measures that need to be taken by all staff and passengers.
d. Provide a clear transparent glass shield on a pedestal to act as a harrier between passenger / staff and CISF ASG personnel at the entry gates.
e. Social distancing norms for all queues to be strictly adhered to at the entry gate.
f. Airports to earmark areas for isolation and COVID -19 testing for suspected passengers.
g. Airports to earmark separate areas for change of PPE gear by the staff using it.
h. Airports to ensure easy Availability of hand sanitizer at all entry points and also to be available at various touch points.
i. Disinfect all surfaces / touch points every 30 minutes like rails near the entry gate etc.
j. Keep Hand Sanitizer/ dispensers and social distance markings near self check-in kiosks / counters.
k. All wash rooms to be sanitized continuously.
l. Social distance markings like circle, square or tensor barriers which are easily visible to be ensured in the check-in (baggage drop) area, as and when, the check-in from the counters is permitted.
m. Ensure sanitization of checked-in baggage.
n. Check-in (Baggage Drop) counters to open 3 hours before the Scheduled Time of Departure (STD) and close 60 minutes before STD. Adequate allocation of counters for baggage drop to be made.
o. Provide a clear transparent glass shield on a pedestal to act as a barrier between passenger / staff at the baggage drop counter.
P Social distance markings, tensor barriers (queue managers) and separated seating in area before Security to avoid crowding and queuing, to be provided by the airports. Ensure availability of hand sanitizer dispensers at the entry and exit of security check points.
q. Ensure Availability of adequate number of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Security personnel on duty to be ensured.
r. Sanitization of trays at the security-check cabin baggage screening area to be done regularly.
s. Special bins to be placed for disposal of used material like masks etc. All such waste to be handled and disposed as per the prescribed procedures.
4. Security Hold Area (After Security Check)
a. The entry to lounges, Prayer room, Kids play room, smoking room etc. to he highly regulated. No reading material / non-essential loose items to be kept.
b. Prominently display the precautionary measures that need to be taken by all staff and passengers.
c. Passengers to he informed about the precautionary measures through displays, announcements and if required assistance by trained persons.
d. Social distance markings & continuous sanitization of all possible areas including F&B and retail outlets, boarding gate etc. to be done. Chairs to be marked “Not for Use” to ensure adequate Sanitization of frequent touch point after every departure to be done.
e. All wash rooms to be sanitized continuously.
f. All F & B and Retail outlets to be opened with COVID-19 precautions. Takeaway to be encouraged to prevent crowding.
g. Promote digital payments, self-ordering booths at F & B and Retail Outlets.
h. Safe distance markings to be made by the airport operator on Aerobridges as well as the boarding points.
i. Provide a clear transparent glass shield on a pedestal to act as a harrier between passenger / staff at the boarding counter.
j. Ensure sanitization of the buses used by passengers at regular intervals.
k. Ensure that there is no crowding on the step ladder while boarding the aircraft.
l. Ensure that the ground handling staff wears masks and other protective gear if the situation so demands.
5. Upon Arrival at Destination
a. Sequential passenger disembarkation in batches to be carried out to ensure social distancing.
b. Ensure social distance markings in arrival gates, aerobridges, coaches, step ladders, ramps. Availability of hand sanitizers at exit points of acrobridge before baggage collection area.
c. Put social distance markings like circle, square around the baggage collection carousel.
d. Take measures to avoid bunching of passengers on travellators.
e. Ensure staggered placement of baggage on the arrival carousel.
f. Provide additional separated seating in baggage collection area to avoid crowding.
g. Transit passengers not to be allowed to come out of transit area.
