Case Law Details
Southern Motors Vs State of Karnataka & Ors. (Supreme Court of India)
We are sharing with you an important judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in the case of Southern Motors Vs. State of Karnataka {[2017] 77 taxmann.com 251 (SC)} on the following issue:
Issue:
Whether the post sale discounts granted by the assessee by issuing credit notes are eligible for deduction from total turnover to quantify their taxable turnover?
Facts & Background:
M/s Southern Motors (“the Appellant” or “the Company”) is a dealer in motor vehicles and registered under the Karnataka Value Added Tax Act, 2003 (“The KVAT Act”). The Appellant raised the tax invoices on the purchasers as per the policy of manufacturers of vehicles to maintain uniformity in the price thereof. After the sales were completed, credit notes were issued to the customers granting discounts, in order to meet the competition in the market and for allied reasons. Consequentially, the Company has received only the net amount that is the amount shown in the invoice less the sum of discount disclosed in the credit note. Accordingly, the net amount, so received was reflected in his books of account and returns were filed under the Income Tax Act, 1961.
However, the Department disallowed the claim of deduction towards discounts from the total turnover in terms of Rule 3(2)(c) of the Karnataka Value Added Tax Rules, 2005 (“the KVAT Rules”) on the ground that the same were not revealed at the time of issuance of tax invoices, though credit notes were issued subsequently.
Thus, after an unsuccessful challenge before the High Court, the Appellant preferred an appeal before the Hon’ble Supreme Court.
Appellant’s view:
Section 30 of the KVAT Act read with Rule 31 of the KVAT Rules (dealing with ‘credit and debit notes’) clearly states that the assessee is entitled to claim deduction of the discount allowed to their customers by credit notes, from the total turnover to quantify their taxable turnover. As some discounts, especially those linked to targets to be achieved in a particular period are not comprehendible at the time of sale, these logically cannot be reflected in the tax invoices. Further, in no view of the matter, Rule 3(2)(c) of the KVAT Rules can be conceded a primacy to curtail or abrogate Section 30 of the KVAT Act or Rule 31 of the KVAT Rules, lest the latter provisions are rendered otiose.
Further, it is no longer res integra that trade discount is not constituent to sale price and therefore not taxable. Moreover, it has been insistently pleaded that a post sale discount through credit notes is revenue neutral in terms of Section 30(3) of the KVAT Act, as a consequence whereof the selling and the purchasing dealers accordingly remodel their returns and pay taxes as due.
Revenue’s view:
A discount to qualify for deduction to compute the total and eventual taxable turnover, as contemplated in Rule 3(2)(c) of the KVAT Rules has to be essentially reflected in the tax invoice or the bill of sale issued in respect of the sales. According to them, Section 30 of the KVAT Act and Rule 31 of the KVAT Rules deal with a situation where after a tax invoice is issued, it transpires that the tax charged has either exceeded or has fallen short of the tax payable for which a credit/debit note, as the case may be, would be issued. As these two provisions do not regulate the computation of a taxable turnover, there is no correlation thereof with Rule 3(2)(c) of the KVAT Rules which has been assigned an independent role to determine the tax liability. In absence of any specific provision in the parent statute granting tax exemption based on deduction founded on post sale trade discount, Section 30 of the KVAT Act and Rule 31 of the KVAT Rules are of no avail to the assesses. It is maintained that in any view of the matter, a taxing statute has to be construed strictly and any exemption is permissible only if the legislation permits the same.
Held:
The Hon’ble Supreme Court after observing the various legal pronouncements has held that the requirement of reference of the discount in the tax invoice or bill of sale to qualify it for deduction has to be in relation to the final sale/purchase price and not limited to the original sale without the trade discount. However, the transactions allowing discount have to be proved on the basis of contemporaneous records and the final sale price after subtracting the trade discount must mandatorily be reflected in the accounts as stipulated under Rule 3(2)(c) of the KVAT Rules. The sale/purchase price has to be adjudged on a combined consideration of the tax invoice or bill of sale as the case may be along with the accounts reflecting the trade discount and the actual price paid. Further, the first proviso to Rule 3(2)(c) of the KVAT Rules has to be so read down, to be in consonance with the true intendment of the legislature and to achieve as well the avowed objective of correct determination of the taxable turnover. The contrary interpretation accorded by the High Court being in defiance of logic and the established axioms of interpretation of statutes is thus unacceptable and is negated.
Treatment of post supply discounts in the GST Regime – Our Comment:
As per Section 15(3)(b) of the Model CGST/SGST Act, 2016, the value of supply shall not include any discount that is given after the supply has been effected provided that:
- Such discount is established in terms of an agreement entered into at or before the time of such supply and specifically linked to relevant invoices.
- Also Input tax credit has been reversed by the recipient of the supply as is attributable to the discount on the basis of document issued by the supplier.
Such post supply discounts will always be under challenge. Further, it would be a complex procedure to determine if the receiver of the discount has reduced his claim of input tax also.
Hence, this provision should be duly amended keeping in mind of existing legal jurisprudence as held in the above decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court wherein it was held that the sale/purchase price has to be adjudged on a combined consideration of the tax invoice or bill of sale as the case may be along with the accounts reflecting the trade discount and the actual price paid.
Thus, the provision in respect of discount should be made in the context of the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court as generally, post sale discounts are linked to targets to be achieved in a particular period which is not comprehendible at the time of sale and accordingly, this discount is logically cannot be linked with the tax invoices.
FULL TEXT OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT/ORDER
The instant adjudicative pursuit is to disinter the statutory intendment lodged in Rule 3(2)(c) in particular of the Karnataka Value Added Tax Rules, 2005 (for short, hereinafter to be referred to as “the Rules”) so as to facilitate the determination of taxable turnover as defined in Section 2(34) of the Karnataka Value Added Tax Act, 2003 (for short, hereinafter to be referred to as “the Act”) in interface with Section 30 of the Act and Rule
2. We have heard Mr. Dhruv Mehta, learned senior counsel for the appellant in Civil Appeal Nos. 10955-10971 of 2016, Mr. Tarun Gulati, learned counsel for the appellant in Civil Appeal Nos. 10972-10978 of 2016 and Mr. K.N. Bhat, learned senior counsel for the respondent-State.
3. The foundational facts, albeit not in dispute present the required preface. The appellant is a dealer in the motor vehicles and registered under the Act. Its version is that during the years in question i.e. 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, it raised tax invoices on the purchasers as per the policy of manufacturers of vehicles to maintain uniformity in the price thereof. After the sales were completed, credit notes were issued to the customers granting discounts, in order to meet the competition in the market and for allied reasons. Consequentially, it received/retained only the net amount, that is the amount shown in the invoice less the sum of discount disclosed in the credit note. Accordingly, the net amount, so received was reflected in his books of account and returns were filed under Income Tax Act, 1961 et al.
4. The Assistant Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, (Audit-1.6), VAT Division No.1-1, Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore i.e. the respondent No.3, as the Assessing Authority by his reassessment orders dated 21.06.2010 allowed deductions claimed by the appellant towards discount accorded by the credit notes from the total turnover to quantify the taxable turnover. Subsequent thereto, in the face of the decision of the High Court in State of Karnataka vs. M/s Kitchen Appli-ances India Ltd., 2011 (71) Karnataka Law Journal 234, recognizing only discounts mentioned in the tax invoices as eligible for deduction from the total turnover in terms of Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules, the Assessing Authority passed the rectification orders dated 21.05.2012 un-der Section 41(1) of the Act, disallowing the deduction of post sale discounts earlier awarded by the corresponding credit notes. The appellant having unsuccessfully challenged these rectifica-tion orders before the High Court, in both the tiers, has invoked this Court’s jurisdiction under Ar-ticle 136 of the Constitution of India for redress. The above facts pertain to the Civil Appeal Nos. 10955-10971 of 2016.
5. The Civil Appeal 10971-10978 of 2016, with Samsung India Electronics Ltd. as the appellant, also present the same debate. The appellant, the assessee is as well a registered dealer under the Act and engaged in the business of electronic goods and I.T. products. Though the assessment for the tax period April, 2006 to October, 2006 was concluded by the Deputy Commissioner of Com-mercial Taxes (Audit-4) LDU, Bangalore on 29.01.2007, the Assessing Authority disallowed the claim of deduction towards discounts on the ground that the same were not revealed at the time of issuance of tax invoices, though credit notes were issued at the end of the month concerned. The appeals filed by the appellant- assessee before the Commissioner of Commercial Taxes (Ap-peals), DVO–I & III, Bangalore though came to be dismissed, it succeeded before the jurisdic-tional Tribunal, whereafter the Revenue took the challenge to the High Court. By the decision im-pugned herein, the High Court relying on its earlier decision in M/s Southern Motors vs. State of Karnataka and Ors. rendered in Writ Appeal Nos. 5769-5785 of 2012 reiterated its view that once the sale invoice was issued and the sale price was collected along with the tax, the aggregate of such sales constituted the total turnover and the tax was payable on the taxable turnover. It took note of the deductions permissible under Rule 3(2) of the Rules to de-termine the taxableturnove r and held that though the amounts allowed as discount did constitute permissible deduction to compute the eventual taxable turnover, such discount was to be neces-sarily reflected in the sale invoice to qualify for such deduction. It thus concluded that by issuing a credit note after receiving the amounts even before the filing of the returns, it could not be con-strued that the discounts were not includible in the turnover. The claim of deduction of the dis-count extended through credit notes after the completion of the sale but not divulged in the tax invoice was negated. As the above rendition was founded on the verdict under scrutiny in the pre-vious batch of appeals where M/s Southern Motors figures as the appellant, and the issue seeking adjudication is common, all these appeals with the aforenoted marginal factual variations have been analogously heard.
6. As the dissension stems from contrasting interpretations of the underlying purport of Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules in the context of the scheme of the Act as a whole and Section 30 thereof and Rule 31 of the Rules in particular, further reference to the factual details would be inessential.
7. The emphatic insistence on behalf of the appellant is that the combined reading of Section 30 and Rule 31 demonstrates in clear terms that the assesses are entitled to claim deduction of the discount allowed to their customers by credit notes, from the total turnover to quantify their tax-able turnover. The learned counsel have urged that as some discounts, especially those linked to targets to be achieved in a particular period are not comprehendible at the time of sale, these log-ically cannot be reflected in the tax invoices. They have maintained that such discounts actualize through credit notes at the end of the prescribed period for which the target is fixed and are thus governed by Section 30 of the Act and Rule 31 of the Rules. They have asserted that in no view of the matter, Rule 3(2)(c) can be conceded a primacy to curtail or abrogate Section 30 or Rule 31 of the Rules, lest the latter provisions are rendered otiose. Such an explication would also be extinc-tive of the concept of the well ingrained concept of turnover/trade discount which is indefensible.
8. Referring to the definition of “total turnover” and “taxable turnover” as defined in Sections 2(36) and 2(34) of the Act, it has been urged that as the discount allowed by the credit notes is not pay-able to the assessee by the customers and does not form a part of the sale consideration, it is not exigible under the Act. According to the learned counsel, it is no longer res integra that trade discount is not a constituent of the sale price and therefore not taxable. It has been insistently pleaded that a post sale discount through credit notes is revenue neutral in terms of Section 30(3) of the Act, as a consequence whereof the selling and the purchasing dealers ac-cordingly remodel their returns and pay tax as due. In endorsement of the above contentions, the following decisions have been relied upon:
1. Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax (Law) Board of Revenue (Taxes), Ernakulam vs. M/s. Advani Oorlikon (P) Ltd.(1980) 1 SCC 360,
2. IFB Industries Ltd. vs. State of Kerala (2012) 4 SCC 618,
3. Commissioner of Central Excise, Madras vs. M/s. Addison & Co. Ltd. (2016) 10 SCC 56,
4. Union of India and others vs. Bombay Tyres Inter-national (P) Ltd. (2005) 3 SCC 787.
9. In refutation, the the learned counsel for the respondents, has argued that a discount to qualify for deduction to compute the total and eventual taxable turnover, as contemplated in Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules has to be essentially reflected in the tax invoice or the bill of sale issued in respect of the sales. According to them, Section 30 and Rule 31 deal with a situation where after a tax in-voice is issued, it transpires that the tax charged has either exceeded or has fallen short of the tax payable for which a credit/debit note, as the case may be, would be issued. As these two provi-sions do not regulate the computation of a taxable turnover, there is no correlation thereof with Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules which has been assigned an independent role to determine the tax liabil-ity. In absence of any specific provision in the parent statute granting tax exemption based on de-duction founded on post sale trade discount, Section 30 and Rule 31 are of no avail to the assess-es, he urged. It is maintained that in any view of the matter, a taxing statute has to be construed strictly and any exemption is permissible only if the legislation permits the same. Reliance in but-tressal of the above has been placed on the decisions of this Court in A.V. Fernandez vs. The State of Kerala 1957 SCR 837, IFB Industries Ltd. vs. State of Kerala (2012) 4 SCC 618 and Jayam & Co. vs. Assistant Commission-er and Another (2016) 8 SCALE 70.
10. As the gravamen of the discord has its roots in the interplay of Sections 29 and 30 of the Act with Rule 3(2)(c) in particular, apposite it would be to refer to the same as well as the accompany-ing provisions as are construed indispensable.
11. The Act is a legislation, as its preamble suggests to provide for further levy of tax on the pur-chase or sale of goods in the State of Karnataka. It defines amongst others “dealer” “tax invoice” “taxable turnover” “total turnover” and “turnover” as contained in Sections 2(12), 2(32), 2(34), 2(35), 2(36). For immediate reference the relevant excerpts of these expressions are set out here-under:
“2(12) ‘Dealer’ means any person who carries on the business of buying, selling, supplying or distributing goods, directly or otherwise, whether for cash or for deferred payment, or for commission, remuneration or other valuable consideration, and includes –
2(32) ‘Tax invoice’ means a document specified under Section 29 listing goods sold with price, quantity and other information as prescribed;
2(34) ‘Taxable turnover’ means the turnover on which a dealer shall be liable to pay tax as determined after making such deductions from his total turnover and in such manner as may be prescribed, but shall not include the turnover of purchase or sale in the course of interstate trade or commerce or in the course of export of the goods out of the territory of India or in the course of import of the goods into the terri-tory of India and the value of goods transferred or dispatched outside the State otherwise than by way of sale.
2(35) ‘Total turnover’ means the aggregate turnover in all goods of a dealer at all places of business in the State, whether or not the whole or any portion of such turnover is liable to tax, including the turnover of purchase or sale in the course of interstate trade or commerce or in the course of export of the goods out of the territory of India or in the course of import of the goods into the territory of India and the value of goods transferred or despatched outside the State otherwise than by way of sale.
2(36) ‘Turnover’ means the aggregate amount for which goods are sold or distributed or delivered or otherwise disposed of in any of the ways referred to in clause (29) by a dealer, either directly or through another, on his own account or on account of others, whether for cash or for deferred payment or other valuable con-sideration, and includes the aggregate amount for which goods are purchased from a person not registered under the Act and the value of goods transferred or despatched outside the State oth-erwise than by way of sale, and subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed the amount for which goods are sold shall include any sums charged for anything done by the dealer in respect of the goods sold at the time of or before the delivery thereof.
Explanation.- The value of the goods transferred or despatched outside the State otherwise than by way of sale, shall be the amount for which the goods are ordinarily sold by the dealer or the prevailing market price of such goods where the dealer does not ordinarily sell the goods.”
12. Section 3 is the charging provision and the modes of fixation of rate and measure of tax exigi-ble under the statute are enumerated in Section 4. Having regard to the exigency of the adjudica-tion, appropriate it would be to extract Sections 29 and 30 of the Act as hereunder:
“29. Tax invoices and bills of sale
(1) A registered dealer effecting a sale of taxable goods or exempt goods along with any taxable goods, in excess of the prescribed value, shall issue at the time of the sale, a tax invoice marked as original for the sale, containing the particulars prescribed, and shall retain a copy thereof.
(2) A tax invoice marked as original shall not be issued to any regis-tered dealer in circumstances other than those specified in sub-section (1), and in a case of loss of the original, a duplicate may be issued where such registered dealer so requests.
(3) A registered dealer,-
(a) selling non-taxable goods; or
(b) opting to pay tax by way of composition under section 15 and selling any goods; or
(c) permitted to pay tax under section 16 and selling any goods, in excess of the prescribed value, shall issue a bill of sale containing such particulars as may be prescribed.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (3) or sub-section (1) of Section 7, a registered dealer executing civil works contracts shall issue a tax invoice or bill of sale at such time and containing such particulars as may be prescribed
30. Credit and Debit Notes
(1) Where a tax invoice has been issued for any sale of goods and within six months from the date of such sale the amount shown as tax charged in that tax invoice is found to exceed the tax payable in respect of the sale effected, or is not payable on account of goods sold being returned within the prescribed period, the registered dealer effecting the sale shall issue forthwith to the purchaser a credit note containing particulars as prescribed.
(2) Where a tax invoice has been issued for sale of any goods and the tax payable in respect of the sale exceeds the amount shown as tax charged in such tax in-voice, the registered dealer making the sale, shall issue to the purchaser a debit note containing particulars as prescribed.
(3) Any registered dealer who receives or issues, credit notes or debit notes shall declare them in his return to be furnished for the tax period in which the credit note is received or debit note is issued and claim reduction in tax or pay tax due thereon.
(4) Any document issued by the registered dealer as required under any other law containing particulars of credit note or debit note as prescribed shall be deemed to be a credit or debit note for the purpose of this Section”
13. Under Section 29, it is incumbent on a registered dealer effecting a sale of taxable goods or goods exempted from tax along with any taxable goods in excess of the prescribed value, to issue at the time of sale, a tax invoice marked as original for the sale and containing the particulars pre-scribed. Thereunder a registered dealer in the eventualities mentioned therein has to issue a bill of sale containing such particulars as may be prescribed. Section 30 mandates that where such a tax invoice has been issued for any sale of goods and withing six months from the date of such sale, the amount shown as tax charged in that tax invoice is found to exceed the tax payable in respect of the sale effected, or is not payable on account of goods sold being returned within the prescribed period, the registered dealer effecting the sale, would issue forthwith to the purchaser, a credit note containing the particulars as prescribed. The Section further stipulates that when a tax invoice has been issued for sale of any goods and the tax payable in respect of the sale ex-ceeds the amount shown as tax charged in such tax invoice, the registered dealer making the sale would issue to the purchaser, a debit note containing the particulars as prescribed. It is further ordained that any registered dealer who receives or issues credit notes or debit notes would de-clare them in his return to be furnished for the tax period in which the credit note is received or debit note is issued and claim reduction in tax or pay tax due thereon. Noticeably, the period of six months for the issuance of the credit note on the eventuality of excess tax being paid is not a factor for the contingency requiring issuance of a debit note.
14. Be that as it may, Rule 3 of the Rules framed under Section 88 of the Act, is lodged under Part II dwelling on “Turnover, Registration and Payment Of Security”. This provision in particular deals with the determination of total and taxable turnover and predicates that the taxable turnover would be determined by allowing the deductions from the total turnover as listed in sub-rule (2) thereof. Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules, indispensable for the present adjudication is quoted hereunder for ready reference:
“3(2)(c): All amounts allowed as discount:
PROVIDED that such discount is allowed in accordance with the regular practice of the dealer or is in accordance with the terms of any contract or agreement en-tered into in a particular case and the tax invoice or bill of sale issued in respect of the sales relat-ing to such discount shows the amount allowed as discount.
PROVIDED FURTHER that the accounts show that the purchaser has paid only the sum originally charged less discount.”
15. A plain reading of this quote would reveal that all amounts allowed as discount would qualify for deduction from the total turnover to ascertain the taxable turnover and thus the extent of exi-gibility under this statute. The first proviso which occupies the center stage of the debate pre-scribes that a discount to be eligible for deduction has to be one which is allowed in accordance with the regular practice of the dealer or is in accordance with the terms of any contract or agreement entered into in a particular case and the tax invoice or bill of sale issued in respect of the sales relating to such discount shows the amount allowed as discount. The second proviso enjoins further, that the accounts should show that the purchaser had paid only the sum originally charged less the discount. Whereas the Revenue insists in view of the first proviso in particular, that a discount to be entitled for deduction to quantify the taxable turnover should essentially be mentioned in the tax invoice or bill of sale issued in respect of the sales and further the purchaser has to reflect in his accounts that he had paid only the sum originally charged less the discount, the appellants contend that having regard to the uniform canons regu-lating the trade practice, a trade discount though in comprehension at the time of original sale is not always precisely quantifiable at that point of time and is contingent on variable factors to be computed only on the happening of a future event(s). In any case, however as the discount even-tually sanctioned is tangible and actual, the literal interpretation sought to be given to the con-tents of first proviso to Rule 3(2)(c) is expressly illogical and if accepted would lead to absurd re-sults rendering this provision redundant and unworkable.
16. Before embarking on analysis of the competing assertions, expedient it would be to advert to the citations addressed at the Bar.
17. In V. Fernandis (supra), a Constitution Bench of this Court while dwelling on the interpretation of the relevant provisions of the United State of Travancore and Co-chin General Sales Tax Act, 1125 and the Travancore Cochin General Sales Tax Rules, 1950 framed thereunder ruled that in elucidating a fiscal statute, it is not the spirit thereof but the letter of law that has to be looked into and that if a particular tax cannot be brought within the letter of the law, the subject could not be made liable for the same. That the emphasis has to be to the strict letter of law and not merely on the spirit of the statute or the substance of law was high-lighted. In this context, the observations of Lord Russel of Killowen in Inland Reve-nue Commissioner vs. Duke of Westminister (1936) AC 1 24 was extracted :
“I confess that I view with disfavour the doctrine that in taxa-tion cases the subject is to be taxed if in accordance with a Court’s view of what it considers the substance of the transaction, the Court thinks that the case falls within the contemplation or spirit of the statute. The subject is not taxable by inference or by analo-gy, but only by the plain words of a statute applicable to the facts and circumstances of his case”
18. The following passage as well from Partington vs. Attorney General (1869)4 HL 100, 122 was quoted with approval.
“As I understand the principle of all fiscal legislation it is this: if the person sought to be taxed, comes within the letter of the law he must be taxed, however great the hardship may appear to the judicial mind to be. On the other hand, if the Crown, seeking to recover the tax, cannot bring the subject within the letter of the law, the subject is free, however apparently within the spirit of the law the case might otherwise appear to be.”.
19. In the textual facts, in essence, the claim of the appellant-assessee to avoid deduction of an amount arising out of sales effected beyond the State concerned was negated as the same were not taxable in terms of Section 26 of the Travancore-Cochin General Sales Tax Amendment Act, 1951 in clear terms. Drawing a distinction between the provisions contained in a statute with re-gard to the exemptions, refund or rebate on one hand and non liability of tax or non imposition of tax on the other, it was enunciated that in the former, the sales or purchases would have to be in-cluded in the gross turnover of the dealer because those were prima facie liable to tax and the dealer was only entitled to deductions from the gross turnover so as to arrive at the net turnover on which the tax could be imposed. In the latter case, the sales or the purchases were exempted from taxation altogether. It was thus ruled that as the sales beyond the State, were not liable to tax, those were liable to be excluded from the calculation of the gross turnover as well as the net turnover on which the sales tax could be levied or imposed. The attempt on the part of the appel-lant-assessee to include the turnover of the sales beyond the State in the gross turnover and thereafter to seek a deduction thereof was thus disapproved.
20. The distinction between “trade discount” and “cash discount” was elaborated upon by this Court in M/s. Advani Oorlikon (P) Ltd. (supra), in re, the question whether for the purpose of computing the turnover assessed to sales tax therein, under the Cen-tral Sales Tax Act 1956, the sale price of goods was to be determined by including the amount paid by way of trade discount. The facts as unfolded evinced that the assessee was a private lim-ited company, carrying on business as sole selling agent for certain brand of welding electrodes and for the goods supplied to the retailers, it charged them the catalogue price less the trade dis-count. The concerned Revenue Authority, for the assessment year in question, refused to allow the deduction and sans thereof, computed the taxable turnover, being of the view that the trade discount was not excludable from the catalogue price. It was contended on behalf of the Revenue that in view of the definition of “sale price” in Section 2(h) of the Central Sales Tax Act which permitted the deduction of sums alleged as cash discount only, the deduction by way of trade discount was not contemplated or permissible.
21. This Court referred to the definition of “sale price” in Section 2(h) of the Act and noted that it was defined to be the amount payable to a dealer as a consideration for the sale of any goods, less any sum allowed as cash discount, according to the practice normally prevailing in the trade. While observing that cash discount conceptually was distinctly different from a trade discount which was a deduction from the catalogue price of goods allowable by whole-sellers to retailers engaged in the trade, it was exposited that under the Central Sales Tax Act, the sale price which enters into the computation of the turnover is the consideration for which the goods are sold by the assessee. It was held that in a case where trade discount was allowed on the catalogue price, the sale price would be the amount determined after deducting the trade discount. It was ruled that it was immaterial that the definition of “sale price” under Section 2(h) of the Act did not ex-pressly provide for the deduction of trade discount from the sale price. It also held a view that having regard to the nature of a trade discount, there is only one sale price between the dealer and the retailer and that is the price payable by the retailer calculated as the difference between the catalogue price and the trade discount. Significantly it was propounded that, in such a situa-tion, there was only one contract between the parties that is the contract that the goods would be sold by the dealer to the retailer at the aforesaid sale price and that there was no question of two successive agreements between the parties, one providing for the sale of the goods at the cata-logue price and the other providing for an allowance by way of trade discount. While recognizing that the sale price remained the stipulated price in the contract between the parties, this Court concluded that the sale price which enters into the computation of the assessee’s turnover for the purpose of assessment under the Sales Tax Act would be determined after deducting the trade discount from the catalogue price.
22. The decision in Jayam and Company (supra) cited by the Reve-nue was to underline the postulation that whenever concession is given by a statute, notification etc., the conditions thereof are to be strictly complied with in order to avail the same. Section 19(20) of the Tamil Nadu Value Added Tax Act, 2006, which in clear terms, denied the benefit of Input Tax Credit, where any registered dealer sold goods at a price lesser than the price at which the same had been purchased, was adverted to consolidate this proposition. Noticeably, this pro-vision of the statute involved, which fell for scrutiny, did by unequivocal mandate deny the avail-ment of the income tax credit, in case the registered dealer/assessee had sold goods at a price lesser than the price at which the same had been purchased by him.
23. In IFB Industries Ltd. (supra), this Court was seized with the que-ry as to how far deductions were allowable under Rule 9 (a) of the Kerala General Sales Tax Rules, 1963 for trade discounts. The jurisdictional High Court returned the finding that unless the dis-count was shown in the invoice evidencing the sale, it would not qualify for such deduction and further any discount that was given by means of credit note issued subsequent to the sale, in real-ity was an incentive and not a trade discount eligible for exemption under Rule 9 (a) of the Rules. The appellant was a manufacturer of home appliances having a scheme of trade discount for its dealers under which the latter on achieving a pre set sale target would earn certain discount on the price for which they had purchased the articles from it. As the discount was subject to achiev-ing the sale target, the dealer would naturally be qualified for it in the later part of the Financial years/assessment period i.e. long after the sales had taken place. It was noted that for the sales taking place between the appellant and its dealer after the sale target was achieved, the dealer would get the articles on the discounted price but for the sales that had taken place before the sale target was achieved, the manufacturer would issue credit notes in favour of the dealer. Under the statute involved, in the computation of the turnover as defined, amongst others, any cash or other discount on the price allowed in respect of any sale and any amount refunded in respect of articles returned by the customers, was deductible. Rule 9 (a) provided that in determining the taxable turnover, all amounts allowed as discount, provided such discount was accorded in ac-cordance with the regular practice would stand deducted, if the accounts show that the purchas-er had paid only the sum originally charged less the discount. Rule 9(a) therefore did stipulate, as the conditions precedent for deduction of any amount allowed as discount, two prescriptions i.e. the discount had been given in accordance with the regular practice in trade and that the ac-counts maintained by the purchaser would disclose that it had paid only the sum originally charged less the discount. This Court thus expounded that in absence of any prescript of refer-ence of such discount availed in the sale invoices, the negation of the benefit of deduction of the trade discount in the quantification of the taxable turnover was erroneous. It was held, that there was nothing in Rule 9 (a) to read it in a restrictive manner to mean that the discount in order to eligible for exemption thereunder must be reflected in the invoice itself. While dilating on the no-tion of “trade discount” to be a deduction from the catalogue price of goods allowed by wholesal-ers to the retailers engaged in the trade to enable the latter to sell the goods at the catalogue price and yet make a reasonable margin of profit after taking into account his business expense, the following observations of this Court in Union of India and others vs. Bombay Tyres International (P) Ltd. (2005) 3 SCC 787, describing “trade discount” and countenancing its deductibility from the sale price were alluded to:
“(1) Trade discounts – Discounts allowed in the trade (by whatever name such discount is described) should be allowed to be deducted from the sale price having regard to the nature of the goods, if established under agreements or under terms of sale or by established practice, the allowance and the nature of the discount being known at or prior to the removal of the goods. Such trade discounts shall not be disal-lowed only because they are not payable at the time of each invoice or deducted from the invoice price.” (emphasis supplied)
24. This rendering presumably had been cited on behalf of the respondents in order to underscore that the appellant’s claim therein for the deduction of the trade discount had been approved as both the prerequisites stipulated by Rule 9(a) had been complied with. This is to reinforce the plea that the appellant in the case in hand thus by analogy of reasonings can avail the benefit of de-duction of trade discount only if the same is reflected in the tax invoice as statutorily prescribed by Rule 3(2) (c) of the Rules.
25. This Court in M/s Addison and Co. Ltd. (supra) was chiefly seized with the issue of refund of excise duty under Section 11B of the Central Excise Act, 1944. The re-spondent, a manufacturer of cutting tools, filed a refund claim which, on being eventually allowed after persuading through the different tiers, culminated in a reference before the High Court of Madras which was also answered in favour of the respondent/assessee. It was held by the High Court that the refund towards deduction of turnover discount could not be denied on the ground that there was no evidence to show who was the ultimate consumer of the product and as to whether the ultimate consumer had borne the burden of duty. The word “buyer” used in Section 12B of the Act, as construed by the High Court did not refer to the ultimate consumer and was confined only to the person who bought the goods from the manufacturer. This Court accepted the postulation in Union of India and others vs. Bombay Tyre International Ltd. and oth-ers (1984) 1 SCC 467 and Bombay Tyres International (P) Ltd. (supra) to the extent that discounts allowed in the trade should be permitted to be deducted from the sale price having regard to the nature of the goods, if it established under agreements or in terms of sale or by established practice and that such trade discounts ought not to be disallowed only because those were not payable at the time of each invoice or deducted from the invoice price, but declined the relief of refund to the respondent on the consideration that the burden of duty had meanwhile been passed on to the ultimate buyer. It was explicated that the word “buyer” appearing in Clause (e) to the proviso of Section 11B(2) of the Central Excise Act could not be restricted to the first buyer from the manufacturer. The prevalence of trade dis-counts was recognized so much so that deductions on the basis thereof were also approved so as to determine the eventual tax liability.
26. The parties noticeably are not in issue over the prevalence of trade discount contemplated in regular practice and that wherever warranted, the dealing parties in accord therewith do enter into a contract or agreement to apply the same for reduction of the sale/purchase price. Under-standably, the taxable turnover is the summation of the actual sale/purchase price exigible to tax under the Act and the Rules. Depending on the eventualities as comprehended in Section 30, credit and debit notes are issued, as a consequence whereof, the tax liability is reduced or en-hanced correspondingly and the same is determined on the basis of the declarations made by the assessees in their returns. That there is an inseverable co-relation between the taxable turn over and the tax payable need not be over emphasized. Noticeably, Section 30 dilates on the contin-gencies witnessing reduction or enhancement of tax liability subsequent to the sale/purchase of goods. The tax liability, to reiterate would be contingent on the sale/purchase price in the eventu-al sale/purchase price, to be essentially reflected in the return of the assessee. Section 30 axio-matically thus deals only with the incidence of tax and not the spectrum of situations or eventual-ities bearing on the tax liability. Rule 3(2), in particular lists the array of deductions conditioned on variety of situations as scheduled therein to ascertain the taxable turnover. Allowance of dis-count is one of the several other permissible deductions contingent on the melange of determi-nants referred to therein. These deductions, however contribute to the reduction of the total turn-over to quantify the taxable turnover and thus the tax liability. It is too trite to state that neither an assessee is liable to pay tax in excess of what is due in law nor is the revenue authorized to exact the same. Any interpretation of Rule 3(2)(c) though an integrant of a fiscal statute has to be in ac-cord, in our estimate unite this fundamental mandatory postulation.
27. It is a matter of common experience that in the present contemporary competitive market, trade discounts not only are dependent on variable factors but also might be strategically not dis-closable at the time of the original sale/purchase so as to be coevally reflected in the tax invoice or the bill of sale as the case may be. The actual quantification of the trade discount, depending on the nature of the trade and the related stipulations in any contract with regard thereto, may be deferred till the happening of a contemplated event, so much so that the benefit thereof is ex-tended at a point of time subsequent to that of the original sale/purchase. That by itself, subject to proof of such regular trade practice and the contract/agreement entered into between the par-ties, would not render the trade discount otherwise legal and acceptable, either non est or fictitious for evading tax liability. In the above factual premise, the interpretation as sought to be provided by the Revenue would evidently reduce Section 3(2)(c) to a dead letter, in-effective and unworkable and would defeat the objective of permitting deductions from the total turnover on account of trade discount. 28. A trade discount conceptually is a pre sale concur-rence, the quantification whereof depends on many many factors in commerce regulating the scale of sale/purchase depending, amongst others on goodwill, quality, marketable skills, dis-counts, etc. contributing to the ultimate performance to qualify for such discounts. Such trade discounts, to reiterate, have already been recognized by this Court with the emphatic rider that the same ought not to be disallowed only as they are not payable at the time of each invoice or deducted from the invoice price. In our comprehension, Sections 29, 30 and Rule 3 are the con-stituents of a same scheme to determine the taxable turnover and thus the extent of exigibility. Whereas Sections 29 and 30, to repeat, deal with the issuance of tax invoice and bill of sale to start with and thereafter credit and debit notes to be in accord with the tax actually payable, Rule 3 in a way espouses the exercise of ascertaining the taxable turnover by enumerating the permis-sible deductions from the total turnover. We are thus of the considered view that there is no re-pugnance or conflict amongst these three provisions so much so that Rule 3(2)(c) stands out in isolation and is incompatible with either the scheme of the Act or Sections 29 and 30 to be pre-cise. The interplay of these three provisions is directed to ensure correct computation of the tax-able turnover for an accurate computation of the tax liability. These provisions therefore for all practical purposes complement each other and are by no means militative in orientation or im-pact. Perception ally, if taxable turnover is to be comprised of sale/purchase price, it is beyond one’s comprehension as to why the trade discount should be disallowed, subject to the proof thereof, only because it was effectuated subsequent to the original sale but evidenced by con-temporaneous documents and reflected in the relevant accounts.
29. This Court in K.P. Varghese vs. Income Tax Officer, Ernakulam and Anr. AIR 1981 SC 1922, while interpreting Section 52 of the Income Tax Act 1961 fa-voured an interpretation in departure from a strict literal reading thereof. For ready reference, Section 52, as interpreted, is extracted hereinbelow.
“Section 52 (1) Where the person who acquires a capital asset from an assessee is directly or indirectly connected with the assessee and the Income-tax Officer has reason to believe that the transfer was effected with the object of avoidance or reduc-tion of the liability of the assessee under Section 45, the full value of the consideration for the transfer shall, with the previous approval of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner, be taken to be the fair market value of the capital asset on the date of the transfer.
(2) without prejudice to the provisions of Sub-section (1), if in the opinion of the Income-tax Officer the fair market value of a capital asset transferred by an as-sessee as on the date of the transfer exceeds the full value of the consideration declared by the assessee in respect of the transfer of such capital assets by an amount of not less than fifteen per cent of the value declared, the full value of the consideration for such capital asset shall, with the previous approval of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner, be taken to be its fair market value on the date of its transfer.”
It was proclaimed thus:
“5. Now on these provisions the question arises what is the true interpretation of Section 52, Sub-section (2). The argument of the Revenue was and this argument found favour with the majority Judges of the Full Bench that on a plain natural construction of the language of Section 52, Sub-section (2), the only condition for attracting the applicability of that provision is that the fair market value of the capital asset transferred by the assessee as on the date of the transfer exceeds the full value of the consideration declared by the assessee in respect of the transfer by an amount of not less than 15% of the value so de-clared. Once the Income-tax Officer is satisfied that this condition exists, he can proceed to invoke the provision in Section 52 Sub-section (2) and take the fair market value of the capital asset transferred by the assessee as on the date of the transfer as representing the full value of the consideration for the transfer of the capital asset and compute the capital gains on that basis. No more is necessary to be proved, contended the Revenue. To introduce any further condition such as understatement of consideration in respect of the transfer would be to read in-to the statutory provision something which is not there: indeed it would amount to rewriting the section. This argument was based on a strictly literal reading of Section 52 Sub-section (2) but we do not think such a construction can be accepted. It ignores several vital considerations which must always be borne in mind when we are interpreting a statutory provision. The task of interpretation of a statutory enactment is not a mechanical task. It is more than a mere reading of mathematical formulae because few words possess the precision of mathematical symbols. It is an attempt to discover the intent of the legislature from the language used by it and it must al-ways be remembered that language is at best an imperfect instrument for the expression of hu-man thought and as pointed out by Lord Denning, it would be idle to expect every statutory provi-sion to be “drafted with divine prescience and perfect clarity.” We can do no better than repeat the famous words of Judge Learned Hand when he said:
“….it is true that the words used, even in their literal sense, are the primary and ordinarily the most reliable, source of interpreting the meaning of any writing: be it a statute, a contract or anything else. But it is one of the surest indexes of a mature and developed jurisprudence not to make a fortress out of the dictionary; but to remember that statutes always have some purpose or object to accomplish, whose sympathetic and imaginative discovery is the surest guide to their meaning”
We must not adopt a strictly literal interpretation of Section 52 Sub-section (2) but we must construe its language having regard to the object and purpose which the legislature had in view in enacting that provision and in the context of the setting in which it occurs. We cannot ignore the context and the collocation of the provisions in which Section 52 Sub-section (2) appears, because, as pointed out by Judge Learned Hand in most felicitous lan-guage:-
“….the meaning of a sentence may be more than that of the sepa-rate words as a melody is more than the notes, and no degree of particularity can ever obviate recourse to the setting in which all appear, and which all collectively create”
Keeping these observations in mind we may now approach the construction of Section 52 Sub-section (2).
6. The primary objection against the literal construction of Section 52 Sub-section (2) is that it leads to manifest-ly unreasonable and absurd consequences. It is true that the consequences of a suggested con-struction cannot alter the meaning of a statutory provision but they can certainly help to fix its meaning. It is a well recognised rule of construction that a statutory provision must be so con-strued, if possible that absurdity and mischief may be avoided. There are many situations where the construction suggested on behalf of the Revenue would lead to a wholly unreasonable result which could never have been intended by the legislature. Take, for example, a case where A agrees to sell his property to B for a certain price and before the sale is completed pursuant to the agreement and it is quite well-known that sometimes the competition of the sale may take place even a couple of years after the date of the agreement-the market price shoots up with the result that the market price prevailing on the date of the sale exceeds the agreed price at which the property is sold by more than 15% of such agreed price. This is not at all an uncommon case in an economy of rising prices and in fact we would find in a large number of cases where the sale is completed more than a year or two after the date of the agreement that the market price prevail-ing on the date of the sale is very much more than the price at which the property is sold under the agreement. Can it be contended with any degree of fairness and justice that in such cases, where there is clearly no understatement of consideration in respect of the transfer and the transaction is perfectly honest and bonafide and, in fact, in fulfillment of a contractual obligation, the as-sessee who has sold the property should be liable to pay tax on capital gains which have not ac-crued or arisen to him. It would indeed be most harsh and inequitable to tax the assessee on in-come which has neither arisen to him nor is received by him, merely because he has carried out the contractual obligation under-taken by him. It is difficult to conceive of any rational reason why the legislature should have thought it fit to impose liability to tax on an assessee who is bound by law to carry out his contractual obligation to sell the property at the agreed price and honestly carries out such contractual obligation. It would indeed be strange if obedience to the law should attract the levy of tax on income which has neither arisen to the assessee nor has been received by him. If we may take another illustration, let us consider a case where A sells his property to B with a stipulation that after some-time which may be a couple of years or more, he shall resell the property to A for the same price could it be contended in such a case that when B transfers the property to A for the same price at which he originally purchased it, he should be lia-ble to pay tax on the basis as if he has received the market value of the property as on the date of resale, if, in the meanwhile, the market price has shot up and exceeds the agreed price by more than 15%. Many other similar situations can be contemplated where it would be absurd and unreasonable to apply Section 52 Sub-section (2) according to its strict literal construction. We must therefore eschew literalness in the interpretation of Section 52 Sub-section (2) and try to arrive at an interpretation which avoids this absurdity and mischief and makes the provision ra-tional and sensible, unless of course, our hands are tied and we cannot find any escape from the tyranny of the literal interpretation. It is now a well settled rule of construction that where the plain literal interpretation of a statutory provision produces a manifestly absurd and unjust result which could never have been intended by the legislature, the court may modify the language used by the legislature or even ‘do some violence’ to it, so as to achieve the obvious intention of the legislature and produce a rational construction, Vide: Luke v. Inland Revenue Commissioner [1963] AC 557. The Court may also in such a case read into the statutory provision a condition which, though not expressed, is implicit as constituting the basic assumption underlying the stat-utory provision. We think that, having regard to this well recognised rule of interpretation, a fair and reasonable construction of Section 52 Sub-section (2) would be to read into it a condition that it would apply only where the consideration for the transfer is under-stated or in other words, the assessee has actually received a larger consideration for the transfer than what is declared in the instrument of transfer and it would have no application in case of a bonafide transaction where the full value of the consideration for the transfer is correctly declared by the assessee. There are several important considerations which incline us to accept this construction of Sec-tion 52 Sub-section (2).”
30. In Commissioner of Income Tax, Bangalore Vs. J.H. Gotla Yadagiri AIR 1985 SC 1698 this Court propounded that though equity and taxation are often strangers, attempts should be made that these do not remain always so and if a construction re-sults in equity rather than injustice, then such construction should be preferred to the literal con-struction.
31. In a recent rendition in State of Jharkhand and others vs. Tata Steel Ltd. and Ors. (2016) 11 SCC 147, this Court while exploring the underlying intent of a notifi-cation pertaining to the period of repayment by the respondents-assessee, which had earlier availed the benefit of deferment of payment of tax under the Jharkhand Value Added Tax Act, 2005 did exhaustively dwell on the golden rule of interpretation based on literal and plain meaning of the words/expressions used in a statute and with approval placed reliance on an earlier decision of this Court in Hansraj Gordhandas vs. H.H. Dave, Assistant Collector of Central Excise & Customs, Surat and others (1969) 2 SCR 252, in which it was pro-pounded thus:
“It was contended on behalf of the respondent that the object of granting exemption was to encourage the formation of cooperative societies which not only pro-duced cotton fabrics but which also consisted of members, not only owning but having actually operated not more than four power-looms during the three years immediately preceding their having joined the society. The policy was that instead of each such member operating his looms on his own, he should combine with others by forming a society which, through the cooperative effort should produce cloth. The intention was that the goods produced for which exemption could be claimed must be goods produced on its own behalf by the society. We are unable to accept the contention put forward on behalf of the respondents as correct. On a true construction of the lan-guage of the notifications, dated July 31, 1959 and April 30, 1960 it is clear that all that is required for claiming exemption is that the cotton fabrics must be produced on power-looms owned by the cooperative society. There is no further requirement under the two notifications that the cotton fabrics must be produced by the Co-operative Society on the power-looms “for itself”. It is well established that in a taxing statute there is no room for any intendment but regard must be had to the clear meaning of the words. The entire matter is governed wholly by the language of the notifi-cation. If the tax-payer is within the plain terms of the exemption it cannot be denied its ben-efit by calling in aid any supposed intention of the exempting authority. If such intention can be gathered from the construction of the words of the notification or by necessary implication there-from, the matter is different, but that is not the case here.”
[Underlining is ours]
32. In the same vein, the following passage from M/s Doypack Systems Pvt. Ltd. vs. Union of India and Ors. (1988) 2 SCC 299 was adverted to:
“58. The words in the statute must, prima facie, be given their or-dinary meanings. Where the grammatical construction is clear and manifest and without doubt, that construction ought to prevail unless there are some strong and obvious reasons to the con-trary. Nothing has been shown to warrant that literal construction should not be given effect to. See Chandavarkar S.R. Rao v. Ashalata (1986) 4 SCC 447 approving 44 Halsbury’s Laws of Eng-land, 4th Edn., para 856 at page 552, Nokes v. Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries Limited 1940 AC 1014. It must be emphasised that interpretation must be in consonance with the Directive Principles of State Policy in Article 39 (b) and (c) of the Constitution.
59. It has to be reiterated that the object of interpretation of a statute is to discover the intention of the Parliament as expressed in the Act. The dominant pur-pose in construing a statute is to ascertain the intention of the legislature as expressed in the statute, considering it as a whole and in its context. That intention, and therefore the meaning of the statute, is primarily to be sought in the words used in the statute itself, which must, if they are plain and unambiguous, be applied as they stand. …”
33. The following excerpts from Tata Steel Ltd. (supra), being of for-midable significance are also extracted as hereunder.
24. In this regard, reference to Mahadeo Prasad Bais (Dead) vs. Income- Tax Officer ‘A’ Ward, Gorakhpur and another (1991) 4 SCC 560 would be absolutely seemly. In the said case, it has been held that an interpretation which will result in an anomaly or absurdity should be avoided and where literal construction creates an anomaly, absurdity and discrimination, statute should be liberally construed even slightly strain-ing the language so as to avoid the meaningless anomaly. Emphasis has been laid on the principle that if an interpretation leads to absurdity, it is the duty of the court to avoid the same.
25. In Oxford University Press v. Commissioner of Income Tax (2001) 3 SCC 359, Mohapatra, J. has opined that interpretation should serve the intent and purpose of the statutory provision. In that context, the learned Judge has re-ferred to the authority in State of T.N. v. Kodaikanal Motor Union (P) Ltd. (1986) 3 SCC 91 wherein this Court after referring to P. Varghe-se v. ITO[ (1981) 4 SCC 173 and Luke v. IRC (1964) 54 ITR 692 has observed:-
“The courts must always seek to find out the intention of the legis-lature. Though the courts must find out the intention of the statute from the language used, but language more often than not is an imperfect instrument of expression of human thought. As Lord Denning said it would be idle to expect every statutory provision to be drafted with divine presci-ence and perfect clarity. As Judge Learned Hand said, we must not make a fortress out of diction-ary but remember that statutes must have some purpose or object, whose imaginative discovery is judicial craftsmanship. We need not always cling to literalness and should seek to endeavour to avoid an unjust or absurd result. We should not make a mockery of legislation. To make sense out of an unhappily worded provision, where the purpose is apparent to the judicial eye ‘some’ vio-lence to language is permissible.”
26. Sabharwal, J. (as His Lordship then was) has observed thus:-
“… It is well-recognised rule of construction that a statutory provi-sion must be so construed, if possible, that absurdity and mischief may be avoided. It was held that construction suggested on behalf of the Revenue would lead to a wholly unreasonable result which could never have been intended by the legislature. It was said that the literalness in the in-terpretation of Section 52(2) must be eschewed and the court should try to arrive at an interpreta-tion which avoids the absurdity and the mischief and makes the provision rational, sensible, un-less of course, the hands of the court are tied and it cannot find any escape from the tyranny of literal interpretation. It is said that it is now well-settled rule of construction that where the plain literal interpretation of a statutory provision produces a manifestly absurd and unjust result which could never have been intended by the legislature, the court may modify the language used by the legislature or even “do some violence” to it, so as to achieve the obvious intention of the legisla-ture and produce a rational construction. In such a case the court may read into the statutory pro-vision a condition which, though not expressed, is implicit in construing the basic assumption un-derlying the statutory provision. …”
34. As would be overwhelmingly pellucid from hereinabove, though words in a statute must, to start with, be extended their ordinary meanings, but if the literal construction thereof results in anomaly or absurdity, the courts must seek to find out the underlying intention of the legislature and in the said pursuit, can within permissible limits strain the language so as to avoid such unin-tended mischief.
35. In Seaford Court Estates Ltd. vs. Asker [1949] 2 All ER 155 hal-lowed by time, outlining the duty of the Court to iron out the creases, it was enunciated, that whenever a statute comes up for consideration, it must be remembered that it is not within hu-man powers to foresee the manifold sets of facts which may arise and even if it were, it is not possible to provide for them in terms free from all ambiguity, the caveat being that the English language is not an instrument of mathematical precision. It was held that in an eventuality where a Judge, believing himself to be fettered by the supposed rule that he must look to the language and nothing else, laments that the draftsmen have not provided for this or that or have been guilty of some or other ambiguity, he ought to set to work on the constructive task of finding the inten-tion of the Parliament and that he must do this not only from the language of the statute, but also from a consideration of the social conditions which gave rise to it and of the mischief which it was passed to remedy and then he must supplement the written word so as to give “force and life” to the intention of the legislature.
36. It would, in any case be incomprehensible that the legislature, while occasioning the amend-ment to the first proviso to Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules, was either ignorant or unaware of the preva-lent practice of offering trade discount in the contemporary commercial dispensations. This is more so, as trade discount continued to be an accepted item of deduction. In such a premise, the intention of the legislature could not have been to deny the benefit of deduction of trade discount by obdurately insisting on the reflection of such trade discount in the text invoice or the bill of sale at the point of the sale as the only device to guard against possible avoidance of tax under the cloak thereof. Axiomatically, therefor the interpretation to be extended to the proviso involved has to be essentially in accord with the legislative intention to sustain realistically the benefit of trade discount as envisaged. Any exposition to probabilism exaction of the levy in excess of the due, being impermissible cannot be thus a conceivable entailment of any law on imperative impost. To insist on the quantification of trade discount for deduction at the time of sale itself, by incorpo-rating the same in the tax invoice/bill of sale, would be to demand the impossible for all practical purposes and thus would be ill-logical, irrational and absurd. To reiterate, trade discount though an admitted phenomenon in commerce, the computation thereof may depend on various factors singular to the parties as well as by way of uniform norms in business not necessarily enforceable or implementable at the time of the original sale. To deny the benefit of deduction only on the ground of omission to reflect the trade discount though actually granted in future, in the tax in-voice/bill of sale at the time of the original transaction would be to ignore the contemporaneous actuality and be unrealistic, unfair, unjust and depredatory. This may herald as well the possible unauthorised taxation even in the face of cotaneous accounts kept in ordinary course of business, attesting the grant of such trade discount and adjustment thereof against the price. While, devi-ous manipulations in trade discount to avoid tax in a given fact situation is not an impossibility, such avoidance can be effectively prevented by insisting on the proof of such discount, if granted. The interpretation to the contrary, as sought to be assigned by the Revenue to the first proviso to Rule 3 (2)(c) of the Rules, when tested on the measure of the judicial postulations adumbrated hereinabove, thus does not commend for acceptance.
37. On an overall review of the scheme of the Act and the Rules and the underlying objectives in particular of Sections 29 and 30 of the Act and Rule 3 of the Rules, we are of the considered opin-ion that the requirement of reference of the discount in the tax invoice or bill of sale to qualify it for deduction has to be construed in relation to the transaction resulting in the final sale/purchase price and not limited to the original sale sans the trade discount. However, the transactions al-lowing discount have to be proved on the basis of contemporaneous records and the final sale price after deducting the trade discount must mandatorily be reflected in the accounts as stipu-lated under Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules. The sale/purchase price has to be adjudged on a combined consideration of the tax invoice or bill of sale as the case may be along with the accounts reflect-ing the trade discount and the actual price paid. The first proviso has thus to be so read down, as above, to be in consonance with the true intendment of the legislature and to achieve as well the avowed objective of correct determination of the taxable turnover. The contrary interpretation accorded by the
High Court being in defiance of logic and the established axioms of interpretation of statutes is thus unacceptable and is negated. The appeals are thus allowed in the above terms. No costs.
FULL TEXT OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT/ORDER
The instant adjudicative pursuit is to disinter the statutory intendment lodged in Rule 3(2)(c) in particular of the Karnataka Value Added Tax Rules, 2005 (for short, hereinafter to be referred to as “the Rules”) so as to facilitate the determination of taxable turnover as defined in Section 2(34) of the Karnataka Value Added Tax Act, 2003 (for short, hereinafter to be referred to as “the Act”) in interface with Section 30 of the Act and Rule
2. We have heard Mr. Dhruv Mehta, learned senior counsel for the appellant in Civil Appeal Nos. 10955-10971 of 2016, Mr. Tarun Gulati, learned counsel for the appellant in Civil Appeal Nos. 10972-10978 of 2016 and Mr. K.N. Bhat, learned senior counsel for the respondent-State.
3. The foundational facts, albeit not in dispute present the required preface. The appellant is a dealer in the motor vehicles and registered under the Act. Its version is that during the years in question i.e. 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, it raised tax invoices on the purchasers as per the policy of manufacturers of vehicles to maintain uniformity in the price thereof. After the sales were completed, credit notes were issued to the customers granting discounts, in order to meet the competition in the market and for allied reasons. Consequentially, it received/retained only the net amount, that is the amount shown in the invoice less the sum of discount disclosed in the credit note. Accordingly, the net amount, so received was reflected in his books of account and returns were filed under Income Tax Act, 1961 et al.
4. The Assistant Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, (Audit-1.6), VAT Division No.1-1, Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore i.e. the respondent No.3, as the Assessing Authority by his reassessment orders dated 21.06.2010 allowed deductions claimed by the appellant towards discount accorded by the credit notes from the total turnover to quantify the taxable turnover. Subsequent thereto, in the face of the decision of the High Court in State of Karnataka vs. M/s Kitchen Appli-ances India Ltd., 2011 (71) Karnataka Law Journal 234, recognizing only discounts mentioned in the tax invoices as eligible for deduction from the total turnover in terms of Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules, the Assessing Authority passed the rectification orders dated 21.05.2012 un-der Section 41(1) of the Act, disallowing the deduction of post sale discounts earlier awarded by the corresponding credit notes. The appellant having unsuccessfully challenged these rectifica-tion orders before the High Court, in both the tiers, has invoked this Court’s jurisdiction under Ar-ticle 136 of the Constitution of India for redress. The above facts pertain to the Civil Appeal Nos. 10955-10971 of 2016.
5. The Civil Appeal 10971-10978 of 2016, with Samsung India Electronics Ltd. as the appellant, also present the same debate. The appellant, the assessee is as well a registered dealer under the Act and engaged in the business of electronic goods and I.T. products. Though the assessment for the tax period April, 2006 to October, 2006 was concluded by the Deputy Commissioner of Com-mercial Taxes (Audit-4) LDU, Bangalore on 29.01.2007, the Assessing Authority disallowed the claim of deduction towards discounts on the ground that the same were not revealed at the time of issuance of tax invoices, though credit notes were issued at the end of the month concerned. The appeals filed by the appellant- assessee before the Commissioner of Commercial Taxes (Ap-peals), DVO–I & III, Bangalore though came to be dismissed, it succeeded before the jurisdic-tional Tribunal, whereafter the Revenue took the challenge to the High Court. By the decision im-pugned herein, the High Court relying on its earlier decision in M/s Southern Motors vs. State of Karnataka and Ors. rendered in Writ Appeal Nos. 5769-5785 of 2012 reiterated its view that once the sale invoice was issued and the sale price was collected along with the tax, the aggregate of such sales constituted the total turnover and the tax was payable on the taxable turnover. It took note of the deductions permissible under Rule 3(2) of the Rules to de-termine the taxableturnove r and held that though the amounts allowed as discount did constitute permissible deduction to compute the eventual taxable turnover, such discount was to be neces-sarily reflected in the sale invoice to qualify for such deduction. It thus concluded that by issuing a credit note after receiving the amounts even before the filing of the returns, it could not be con-strued that the discounts were not includible in the turnover. The claim of deduction of the dis-count extended through credit notes after the completion of the sale but not divulged in the tax invoice was negated. As the above rendition was founded on the verdict under scrutiny in the pre-vious batch of appeals where M/s Southern Motors figures as the appellant, and the issue seeking adjudication is common, all these appeals with the aforenoted marginal factual variations have been analogously heard.
6. As the dissension stems from contrasting interpretations of the underlying purport of Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules in the context of the scheme of the Act as a whole and Section 30 thereof and Rule 31 of the Rules in particular, further reference to the factual details would be inessential.
7. The emphatic insistence on behalf of the appellant is that the combined reading of Section 30 and Rule 31 demonstrates in clear terms that the assesses are entitled to claim deduction of the discount allowed to their customers by credit notes, from the total turnover to quantify their tax-able turnover. The learned counsel have urged that as some discounts, especially those linked to targets to be achieved in a particular period are not comprehendible at the time of sale, these log-ically cannot be reflected in the tax invoices. They have maintained that such discounts actualize through credit notes at the end of the prescribed period for which the target is fixed and are thus governed by Section 30 of the Act and Rule 31 of the Rules. They have asserted that in no view of the matter, Rule 3(2)(c) can be conceded a primacy to curtail or abrogate Section 30 or Rule 31 of the Rules, lest the latter provisions are rendered otiose. Such an explication would also be extinc-tive of the concept of the well ingrained concept of turnover/trade discount which is indefensible.
8. Referring to the definition of “total turnover” and “taxable turnover” as defined in Sections 2(36) and 2(34) of the Act, it has been urged that as the discount allowed by the credit notes is not pay-able to the assessee by the customers and does not form a part of the sale consideration, it is not exigible under the Act. According to the learned counsel, it is no longer res integra that trade discount is not a constituent of the sale price and therefore not taxable. It has been insistently pleaded that a post sale discount through credit notes is revenue neutral in terms of Section 30(3) of the Act, as a consequence whereof the selling and the purchasing dealers ac-cordingly remodel their returns and pay tax as due. In endorsement of the above contentions, the following decisions have been relied upon:
1. Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax (Law) Board of Revenue (Taxes), Ernakulam vs. M/s. Advani Oorlikon (P) Ltd.(1980) 1 SCC 360,
2. IFB Industries Ltd. vs. State of Kerala (2012) 4 SCC 618,
3. Commissioner of Central Excise, Madras vs. M/s. Addison & Co. Ltd. (2016) 10 SCC 56,
4. Union of India and others vs. Bombay Tyres Inter-national (P) Ltd. (2005) 3 SCC 787.
9. In refutation, the the learned counsel for the respondents, has argued that a discount to qualify for deduction to compute the total and eventual taxable turnover, as contemplated in Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules has to be essentially reflected in the tax invoice or the bill of sale issued in respect of the sales. According to them, Section 30 and Rule 31 deal with a situation where after a tax in-voice is issued, it transpires that the tax charged has either exceeded or has fallen short of the tax payable for which a credit/debit note, as the case may be, would be issued. As these two provi-sions do not regulate the computation of a taxable turnover, there is no correlation thereof with Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules which has been assigned an independent role to determine the tax liabil-ity. In absence of any specific provision in the parent statute granting tax exemption based on de-duction founded on post sale trade discount, Section 30 and Rule 31 are of no avail to the assess-es, he urged. It is maintained that in any view of the matter, a taxing statute has to be construed strictly and any exemption is permissible only if the legislation permits the same. Reliance in but-tressal of the above has been placed on the decisions of this Court in A.V. Fernandez vs. The State of Kerala 1957 SCR 837, IFB Industries Ltd. vs. State of Kerala (2012) 4 SCC 618 and Jayam & Co. vs. Assistant Commission-er and Another (2016) 8 SCALE 70.
10. As the gravamen of the discord has its roots in the interplay of Sections 29 and 30 of the Act with Rule 3(2)(c) in particular, apposite it would be to refer to the same as well as the accompany-ing provisions as are construed indispensable.
11. The Act is a legislation, as its preamble suggests to provide for further levy of tax on the pur-chase or sale of goods in the State of Karnataka. It defines amongst others “dealer” “tax invoice” “taxable turnover” “total turnover” and “turnover” as contained in Sections 2(12), 2(32), 2(34), 2(35), 2(36). For immediate reference the relevant excerpts of these expressions are set out here-under:
“2(12) ‘Dealer’ means any person who carries on the business of buying, selling, supplying or distributing goods, directly or otherwise, whether for cash or for deferred payment, or for commission, remuneration or other valuable consideration, and includes –
2(32) ‘Tax invoice’ means a document specified under Section 29 listing goods sold with price, quantity and other information as prescribed;
2(34) ‘Taxable turnover’ means the turnover on which a dealer shall be liable to pay tax as determined after making such deductions from his total turnover and in such manner as may be prescribed, but shall not include the turnover of purchase or sale in the course of interstate trade or commerce or in the course of export of the goods out of the territory of India or in the course of import of the goods into the terri-tory of India and the value of goods transferred or dispatched outside the State otherwise than by way of sale.
2(35) ‘Total turnover’ means the aggregate turnover in all goods of a dealer at all places of business in the State, whether or not the whole or any portion of such turnover is liable to tax, including the turnover of purchase or sale in the course of interstate trade or commerce or in the course of export of the goods out of the territory of India or in the course of import of the goods into the territory of India and the value of goods transferred or despatched outside the State otherwise than by way of sale.
2(36) ‘Turnover’ means the aggregate amount for which goods are sold or distributed or delivered or otherwise disposed of in any of the ways referred to in clause (29) by a dealer, either directly or through another, on his own account or on account of others, whether for cash or for deferred payment or other valuable con-sideration, and includes the aggregate amount for which goods are purchased from a person not registered under the Act and the value of goods transferred or despatched outside the State oth-erwise than by way of sale, and subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed the amount for which goods are sold shall include any sums charged for anything done by the dealer in respect of the goods sold at the time of or before the delivery thereof.
Explanation.- The value of the goods transferred or despatched outside the State otherwise than by way of sale, shall be the amount for which the goods are ordinarily sold by the dealer or the prevailing market price of such goods where the dealer does not ordinarily sell the goods.”
12. Section 3 is the charging provision and the modes of fixation of rate and measure of tax exigi-ble under the statute are enumerated in Section 4. Having regard to the exigency of the adjudica-tion, appropriate it would be to extract Sections 29 and 30 of the Act as hereunder:
“29. Tax invoices and bills of sale
(1) A registered dealer effecting a sale of taxable goods or exempt goods along with any taxable goods, in excess of the prescribed value, shall issue at the time of the sale, a tax invoice marked as original for the sale, containing the particulars prescribed, and shall retain a copy thereof.
(2) A tax invoice marked as original shall not be issued to any regis-tered dealer in circumstances other than those specified in sub-section (1), and in a case of loss of the original, a duplicate may be issued where such registered dealer so requests.
(3) A registered dealer,-
(a) selling non-taxable goods; or
(b) opting to pay tax by way of composition under section 15 and selling any goods; or
(c) permitted to pay tax under section 16 and selling any goods, in excess of the prescribed value, shall issue a bill of sale containing such particulars as may be prescribed.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (3) or sub-section (1) of Section 7, a registered dealer executing civil works contracts shall issue a tax invoice or bill of sale at such time and containing such particulars as may be prescribed
30. Credit and Debit Notes
(1) Where a tax invoice has been issued for any sale of goods and within six months from the date of such sale the amount shown as tax charged in that tax invoice is found to exceed the tax payable in respect of the sale effected, or is not payable on account of goods sold being returned within the prescribed period, the registered dealer effecting the sale shall issue forthwith to the purchaser a credit note containing particulars as prescribed.
(2) Where a tax invoice has been issued for sale of any goods and the tax payable in respect of the sale exceeds the amount shown as tax charged in such tax in-voice, the registered dealer making the sale, shall issue to the purchaser a debit note containing particulars as prescribed.
(3) Any registered dealer who receives or issues, credit notes or debit notes shall declare them in his return to be furnished for the tax period in which the credit note is received or debit note is issued and claim reduction in tax or pay tax due thereon.
(4) Any document issued by the registered dealer as required under any other law containing particulars of credit note or debit note as prescribed shall be deemed to be a credit or debit note for the purpose of this Section”
13. Under Section 29, it is incumbent on a registered dealer effecting a sale of taxable goods or goods exempted from tax along with any taxable goods in excess of the prescribed value, to issue at the time of sale, a tax invoice marked as original for the sale and containing the particulars pre-scribed. Thereunder a registered dealer in the eventualities mentioned therein has to issue a bill of sale containing such particulars as may be prescribed. Section 30 mandates that where such a tax invoice has been issued for any sale of goods and withing six months from the date of such sale, the amount shown as tax charged in that tax invoice is found to exceed the tax payable in respect of the sale effected, or is not payable on account of goods sold being returned within the prescribed period, the registered dealer effecting the sale, would issue forthwith to the purchaser, a credit note containing the particulars as prescribed. The Section further stipulates that when a tax invoice has been issued for sale of any goods and the tax payable in respect of the sale ex-ceeds the amount shown as tax charged in such tax invoice, the registered dealer making the sale would issue to the purchaser, a debit note containing the particulars as prescribed. It is further ordained that any registered dealer who receives or issues credit notes or debit notes would de-clare them in his return to be furnished for the tax period in which the credit note is received or debit note is issued and claim reduction in tax or pay tax due thereon. Noticeably, the period of six months for the issuance of the credit note on the eventuality of excess tax being paid is not a factor for the contingency requiring issuance of a debit note.
14. Be that as it may, Rule 3 of the Rules framed under Section 88 of the Act, is lodged under Part II dwelling on “Turnover, Registration and Payment Of Security”. This provision in particular deals with the determination of total and taxable turnover and predicates that the taxable turnover would be determined by allowing the deductions from the total turnover as listed in sub-rule (2) thereof. Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules, indispensable for the present adjudication is quoted hereunder for ready reference:
“3(2)(c): All amounts allowed as discount:
PROVIDED that such discount is allowed in accordance with the regular practice of the dealer or is in accordance with the terms of any contract or agreement en-tered into in a particular case and the tax invoice or bill of sale issued in respect of the sales relat-ing to such discount shows the amount allowed as discount.
PROVIDED FURTHER that the accounts show that the purchaser has paid only the sum originally charged less discount.”
15. A plain reading of this quote would reveal that all amounts allowed as discount would qualify for deduction from the total turnover to ascertain the taxable turnover and thus the extent of exi-gibility under this statute. The first proviso which occupies the center stage of the debate pre-scribes that a discount to be eligible for deduction has to be one which is allowed in accordance with the regular practice of the dealer or is in accordance with the terms of any contract or agreement entered into in a particular case and the tax invoice or bill of sale issued in respect of the sales relating to such discount shows the amount allowed as discount. The second proviso enjoins further, that the accounts should show that the purchaser had paid only the sum originally charged less the discount. Whereas the Revenue insists in view of the first proviso in particular, that a discount to be entitled for deduction to quantify the taxable turnover should essentially be mentioned in the tax invoice or bill of sale issued in respect of the sales and further the purchaser has to reflect in his accounts that he had paid only the sum originally charged less the discount, the appellants contend that having regard to the uniform canons regu-lating the trade practice, a trade discount though in comprehension at the time of original sale is not always precisely quantifiable at that point of time and is contingent on variable factors to be computed only on the happening of a future event(s). In any case, however as the discount even-tually sanctioned is tangible and actual, the literal interpretation sought to be given to the con-tents of first proviso to Rule 3(2)(c) is expressly illogical and if accepted would lead to absurd re-sults rendering this provision redundant and unworkable.
16. Before embarking on analysis of the competing assertions, expedient it would be to advert to the citations addressed at the Bar.
17. In V. Fernandis (supra), a Constitution Bench of this Court while dwelling on the interpretation of the relevant provisions of the United State of Travancore and Co-chin General Sales Tax Act, 1125 and the Travancore Cochin General Sales Tax Rules, 1950 framed thereunder ruled that in elucidating a fiscal statute, it is not the spirit thereof but the letter of law that has to be looked into and that if a particular tax cannot be brought within the letter of the law, the subject could not be made liable for the same. That the emphasis has to be to the strict letter of law and not merely on the spirit of the statute or the substance of law was high-lighted. In this context, the observations of Lord Russel of Killowen in Inland Reve-nue Commissioner vs. Duke of Westminister (1936) AC 1 24 was extracted :
“I confess that I view with disfavour the doctrine that in taxa-tion cases the subject is to be taxed if in accordance with a Court’s view of what it considers the substance of the transaction, the Court thinks that the case falls within the contemplation or spirit of the statute. The subject is not taxable by inference or by analo-gy, but only by the plain words of a statute applicable to the facts and circumstances of his case”
18. The following passage as well from Partington vs. Attorney General (1869)4 HL 100, 122 was quoted with approval.
“As I understand the principle of all fiscal legislation it is this: if the person sought to be taxed, comes within the letter of the law he must be taxed, however great the hardship may appear to the judicial mind to be. On the other hand, if the Crown, seeking to recover the tax, cannot bring the subject within the letter of the law, the subject is free, however apparently within the spirit of the law the case might otherwise appear to be.”.
19. In the textual facts, in essence, the claim of the appellant-assessee to avoid deduction of an amount arising out of sales effected beyond the State concerned was negated as the same were not taxable in terms of Section 26 of the Travancore-Cochin General Sales Tax Amendment Act, 1951 in clear terms. Drawing a distinction between the provisions contained in a statute with re-gard to the exemptions, refund or rebate on one hand and non liability of tax or non imposition of tax on the other, it was enunciated that in the former, the sales or purchases would have to be in-cluded in the gross turnover of the dealer because those were prima facie liable to tax and the dealer was only entitled to deductions from the gross turnover so as to arrive at the net turnover on which the tax could be imposed. In the latter case, the sales or the purchases were exempted from taxation altogether. It was thus ruled that as the sales beyond the State, were not liable to tax, those were liable to be excluded from the calculation of the gross turnover as well as the net turnover on which the sales tax could be levied or imposed. The attempt on the part of the appel-lant-assessee to include the turnover of the sales beyond the State in the gross turnover and thereafter to seek a deduction thereof was thus disapproved.
20. The distinction between “trade discount” and “cash discount” was elaborated upon by this Court in M/s. Advani Oorlikon (P) Ltd. (supra), in re, the question whether for the purpose of computing the turnover assessed to sales tax therein, under the Cen-tral Sales Tax Act 1956, the sale price of goods was to be determined by including the amount paid by way of trade discount. The facts as unfolded evinced that the assessee was a private lim-ited company, carrying on business as sole selling agent for certain brand of welding electrodes and for the goods supplied to the retailers, it charged them the catalogue price less the trade dis-count. The concerned Revenue Authority, for the assessment year in question, refused to allow the deduction and sans thereof, computed the taxable turnover, being of the view that the trade discount was not excludable from the catalogue price. It was contended on behalf of the Revenue that in view of the definition of “sale price” in Section 2(h) of the Central Sales Tax Act which permitted the deduction of sums alleged as cash discount only, the deduction by way of trade discount was not contemplated or permissible.
21. This Court referred to the definition of “sale price” in Section 2(h) of the Act and noted that it was defined to be the amount payable to a dealer as a consideration for the sale of any goods, less any sum allowed as cash discount, according to the practice normally prevailing in the trade. While observing that cash discount conceptually was distinctly different from a trade discount which was a deduction from the catalogue price of goods allowable by whole-sellers to retailers engaged in the trade, it was exposited that under the Central Sales Tax Act, the sale price which enters into the computation of the turnover is the consideration for which the goods are sold by the assessee. It was held that in a case where trade discount was allowed on the catalogue price, the sale price would be the amount determined after deducting the trade discount. It was ruled that it was immaterial that the definition of “sale price” under Section 2(h) of the Act did not ex-pressly provide for the deduction of trade discount from the sale price. It also held a view that having regard to the nature of a trade discount, there is only one sale price between the dealer and the retailer and that is the price payable by the retailer calculated as the difference between the catalogue price and the trade discount. Significantly it was propounded that, in such a situa-tion, there was only one contract between the parties that is the contract that the goods would be sold by the dealer to the retailer at the aforesaid sale price and that there was no question of two successive agreements between the parties, one providing for the sale of the goods at the cata-logue price and the other providing for an allowance by way of trade discount. While recognizing that the sale price remained the stipulated price in the contract between the parties, this Court concluded that the sale price which enters into the computation of the assessee’s turnover for the purpose of assessment under the Sales Tax Act would be determined after deducting the trade discount from the catalogue price.
22. The decision in Jayam and Company (supra) cited by the Reve-nue was to underline the postulation that whenever concession is given by a statute, notification etc., the conditions thereof are to be strictly complied with in order to avail the same. Section 19(20) of the Tamil Nadu Value Added Tax Act, 2006, which in clear terms, denied the benefit of Input Tax Credit, where any registered dealer sold goods at a price lesser than the price at which the same had been purchased, was adverted to consolidate this proposition. Noticeably, this pro-vision of the statute involved, which fell for scrutiny, did by unequivocal mandate deny the avail-ment of the income tax credit, in case the registered dealer/assessee had sold goods at a price lesser than the price at which the same had been purchased by him.
23. In IFB Industries Ltd. (supra), this Court was seized with the que-ry as to how far deductions were allowable under Rule 9 (a) of the Kerala General Sales Tax Rules, 1963 for trade discounts. The jurisdictional High Court returned the finding that unless the dis-count was shown in the invoice evidencing the sale, it would not qualify for such deduction and further any discount that was given by means of credit note issued subsequent to the sale, in real-ity was an incentive and not a trade discount eligible for exemption under Rule 9 (a) of the Rules. The appellant was a manufacturer of home appliances having a scheme of trade discount for its dealers under which the latter on achieving a pre set sale target would earn certain discount on the price for which they had purchased the articles from it. As the discount was subject to achiev-ing the sale target, the dealer would naturally be qualified for it in the later part of the Financial years/assessment period i.e. long after the sales had taken place. It was noted that for the sales taking place between the appellant and its dealer after the sale target was achieved, the dealer would get the articles on the discounted price but for the sales that had taken place before the sale target was achieved, the manufacturer would issue credit notes in favour of the dealer. Under the statute involved, in the computation of the turnover as defined, amongst others, any cash or other discount on the price allowed in respect of any sale and any amount refunded in respect of articles returned by the customers, was deductible. Rule 9 (a) provided that in determining the taxable turnover, all amounts allowed as discount, provided such discount was accorded in ac-cordance with the regular practice would stand deducted, if the accounts show that the purchas-er had paid only the sum originally charged less the discount. Rule 9(a) therefore did stipulate, as the conditions precedent for deduction of any amount allowed as discount, two prescriptions i.e. the discount had been given in accordance with the regular practice in trade and that the ac-counts maintained by the purchaser would disclose that it had paid only the sum originally charged less the discount. This Court thus expounded that in absence of any prescript of refer-ence of such discount availed in the sale invoices, the negation of the benefit of deduction of the trade discount in the quantification of the taxable turnover was erroneous. It was held, that there was nothing in Rule 9 (a) to read it in a restrictive manner to mean that the discount in order to eligible for exemption thereunder must be reflected in the invoice itself. While dilating on the no-tion of “trade discount” to be a deduction from the catalogue price of goods allowed by wholesal-ers to the retailers engaged in the trade to enable the latter to sell the goods at the catalogue price and yet make a reasonable margin of profit after taking into account his business expense, the following observations of this Court in Union of India and others vs. Bombay Tyres International (P) Ltd. (2005) 3 SCC 787, describing “trade discount” and countenancing its deductibility from the sale price were alluded to:
“(1) Trade discounts – Discounts allowed in the trade (by whatever name such discount is described) should be allowed to be deducted from the sale price having regard to the nature of the goods, if established under agreements or under terms of sale or by established practice, the allowance and the nature of the discount being known at or prior to the removal of the goods. Such trade discounts shall not be disal-lowed only because they are not payable at the time of each invoice or deducted from the invoice price.” (emphasis supplied)
24. This rendering presumably had been cited on behalf of the respondents in order to underscore that the appellant’s claim therein for the deduction of the trade discount had been approved as both the prerequisites stipulated by Rule 9(a) had been complied with. This is to reinforce the plea that the appellant in the case in hand thus by analogy of reasonings can avail the benefit of de-duction of trade discount only if the same is reflected in the tax invoice as statutorily prescribed by Rule 3(2) (c) of the Rules.
25. This Court in M/s Addison and Co. Ltd. (supra) was chiefly seized with the issue of refund of excise duty under Section 11B of the Central Excise Act, 1944. The re-spondent, a manufacturer of cutting tools, filed a refund claim which, on being eventually allowed after persuading through the different tiers, culminated in a reference before the High Court of Madras which was also answered in favour of the respondent/assessee. It was held by the High Court that the refund towards deduction of turnover discount could not be denied on the ground that there was no evidence to show who was the ultimate consumer of the product and as to whether the ultimate consumer had borne the burden of duty. The word “buyer” used in Section 12B of the Act, as construed by the High Court did not refer to the ultimate consumer and was confined only to the person who bought the goods from the manufacturer. This Court accepted the postulation in Union of India and others vs. Bombay Tyre International Ltd. and oth-ers (1984) 1 SCC 467 and Bombay Tyres International (P) Ltd. (supra) to the extent that discounts allowed in the trade should be permitted to be deducted from the sale price having regard to the nature of the goods, if it established under agreements or in terms of sale or by established practice and that such trade discounts ought not to be disallowed only because those were not payable at the time of each invoice or deducted from the invoice price, but declined the relief of refund to the respondent on the consideration that the burden of duty had meanwhile been passed on to the ultimate buyer. It was explicated that the word “buyer” appearing in Clause (e) to the proviso of Section 11B(2) of the Central Excise Act could not be restricted to the first buyer from the manufacturer. The prevalence of trade dis-counts was recognized so much so that deductions on the basis thereof were also approved so as to determine the eventual tax liability.
26. The parties noticeably are not in issue over the prevalence of trade discount contemplated in regular practice and that wherever warranted, the dealing parties in accord therewith do enter into a contract or agreement to apply the same for reduction of the sale/purchase price. Under-standably, the taxable turnover is the summation of the actual sale/purchase price exigible to tax under the Act and the Rules. Depending on the eventualities as comprehended in Section 30, credit and debit notes are issued, as a consequence whereof, the tax liability is reduced or en-hanced correspondingly and the same is determined on the basis of the declarations made by the assessees in their returns. That there is an inseverable co-relation between the taxable turn over and the tax payable need not be over emphasized. Noticeably, Section 30 dilates on the contin-gencies witnessing reduction or enhancement of tax liability subsequent to the sale/purchase of goods. The tax liability, to reiterate would be contingent on the sale/purchase price in the eventu-al sale/purchase price, to be essentially reflected in the return of the assessee. Section 30 axio-matically thus deals only with the incidence of tax and not the spectrum of situations or eventual-ities bearing on the tax liability. Rule 3(2), in particular lists the array of deductions conditioned on variety of situations as scheduled therein to ascertain the taxable turnover. Allowance of dis-count is one of the several other permissible deductions contingent on the melange of determi-nants referred to therein. These deductions, however contribute to the reduction of the total turn-over to quantify the taxable turnover and thus the tax liability. It is too trite to state that neither an assessee is liable to pay tax in excess of what is due in law nor is the revenue authorized to exact the same. Any interpretation of Rule 3(2)(c) though an integrant of a fiscal statute has to be in ac-cord, in our estimate unite this fundamental mandatory postulation.
27. It is a matter of common experience that in the present contemporary competitive market, trade discounts not only are dependent on variable factors but also might be strategically not dis-closable at the time of the original sale/purchase so as to be coevally reflected in the tax invoice or the bill of sale as the case may be. The actual quantification of the trade discount, depending on the nature of the trade and the related stipulations in any contract with regard thereto, may be deferred till the happening of a contemplated event, so much so that the benefit thereof is ex-tended at a point of time subsequent to that of the original sale/purchase. That by itself, subject to proof of such regular trade practice and the contract/agreement entered into between the par-ties, would not render the trade discount otherwise legal and acceptable, either non est or fictitious for evading tax liability. In the above factual premise, the interpretation as sought to be provided by the Revenue would evidently reduce Section 3(2)(c) to a dead letter, in-effective and unworkable and would defeat the objective of permitting deductions from the total turnover on account of trade discount. 28. A trade discount conceptually is a pre sale concur-rence, the quantification whereof depends on many many factors in commerce regulating the scale of sale/purchase depending, amongst others on goodwill, quality, marketable skills, dis-counts, etc. contributing to the ultimate performance to qualify for such discounts. Such trade discounts, to reiterate, have already been recognized by this Court with the emphatic rider that the same ought not to be disallowed only as they are not payable at the time of each invoice or deducted from the invoice price. In our comprehension, Sections 29, 30 and Rule 3 are the con-stituents of a same scheme to determine the taxable turnover and thus the extent of exigibility. Whereas Sections 29 and 30, to repeat, deal with the issuance of tax invoice and bill of sale to start with and thereafter credit and debit notes to be in accord with the tax actually payable, Rule 3 in a way espouses the exercise of ascertaining the taxable turnover by enumerating the permis-sible deductions from the total turnover. We are thus of the considered view that there is no re-pugnance or conflict amongst these three provisions so much so that Rule 3(2)(c) stands out in isolation and is incompatible with either the scheme of the Act or Sections 29 and 30 to be pre-cise. The interplay of these three provisions is directed to ensure correct computation of the tax-able turnover for an accurate computation of the tax liability. These provisions therefore for all practical purposes complement each other and are by no means militative in orientation or im-pact. Perception ally, if taxable turnover is to be comprised of sale/purchase price, it is beyond one’s comprehension as to why the trade discount should be disallowed, subject to the proof thereof, only because it was effectuated subsequent to the original sale but evidenced by con-temporaneous documents and reflected in the relevant accounts.
29. This Court in K.P. Varghese vs. Income Tax Officer, Ernakulam and Anr. AIR 1981 SC 1922, while interpreting Section 52 of the Income Tax Act 1961 fa-voured an interpretation in departure from a strict literal reading thereof. For ready reference, Section 52, as interpreted, is extracted hereinbelow.
“Section 52 (1) Where the person who acquires a capital asset from an assessee is directly or indirectly connected with the assessee and the Income-tax Officer has reason to believe that the transfer was effected with the object of avoidance or reduc-tion of the liability of the assessee under Section 45, the full value of the consideration for the transfer shall, with the previous approval of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner, be taken to be the fair market value of the capital asset on the date of the transfer.
(2) without prejudice to the provisions of Sub-section (1), if in the opinion of the Income-tax Officer the fair market value of a capital asset transferred by an as-sessee as on the date of the transfer exceeds the full value of the consideration declared by the assessee in respect of the transfer of such capital assets by an amount of not less than fifteen per cent of the value declared, the full value of the consideration for such capital asset shall, with the previous approval of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner, be taken to be its fair market value on the date of its transfer.”
It was proclaimed thus:
“5. Now on these provisions the question arises what is the true interpretation of Section 52, Sub-section (2). The argument of the Revenue was and this argument found favour with the majority Judges of the Full Bench that on a plain natural construction of the language of Section 52, Sub-section (2), the only condition for attracting the applicability of that provision is that the fair market value of the capital asset transferred by the assessee as on the date of the transfer exceeds the full value of the consideration declared by the assessee in respect of the transfer by an amount of not less than 15% of the value so de-clared. Once the Income-tax Officer is satisfied that this condition exists, he can proceed to invoke the provision in Section 52 Sub-section (2) and take the fair market value of the capital asset transferred by the assessee as on the date of the transfer as representing the full value of the consideration for the transfer of the capital asset and compute the capital gains on that basis. No more is necessary to be proved, contended the Revenue. To introduce any further condition such as understatement of consideration in respect of the transfer would be to read in-to the statutory provision something which is not there: indeed it would amount to rewriting the section. This argument was based on a strictly literal reading of Section 52 Sub-section (2) but we do not think such a construction can be accepted. It ignores several vital considerations which must always be borne in mind when we are interpreting a statutory provision. The task of interpretation of a statutory enactment is not a mechanical task. It is more than a mere reading of mathematical formulae because few words possess the precision of mathematical symbols. It is an attempt to discover the intent of the legislature from the language used by it and it must al-ways be remembered that language is at best an imperfect instrument for the expression of hu-man thought and as pointed out by Lord Denning, it would be idle to expect every statutory provi-sion to be “drafted with divine prescience and perfect clarity.” We can do no better than repeat the famous words of Judge Learned Hand when he said:
“….it is true that the words used, even in their literal sense, are the primary and ordinarily the most reliable, source of interpreting the meaning of any writing: be it a statute, a contract or anything else. But it is one of the surest indexes of a mature and developed jurisprudence not to make a fortress out of the dictionary; but to remember that statutes always have some purpose or object to accomplish, whose sympathetic and imaginative discovery is the surest guide to their meaning”
We must not adopt a strictly literal interpretation of Section 52 Sub-section (2) but we must construe its language having regard to the object and purpose which the legislature had in view in enacting that provision and in the context of the setting in which it occurs. We cannot ignore the context and the collocation of the provisions in which Section 52 Sub-section (2) appears, because, as pointed out by Judge Learned Hand in most felicitous lan-guage:-
“….the meaning of a sentence may be more than that of the sepa-rate words as a melody is more than the notes, and no degree of particularity can ever obviate recourse to the setting in which all appear, and which all collectively create”
Keeping these observations in mind we may now approach the construction of Section 52 Sub-section (2).
6. The primary objection against the literal construction of Section 52 Sub-section (2) is that it leads to manifest-ly unreasonable and absurd consequences. It is true that the consequences of a suggested con-struction cannot alter the meaning of a statutory provision but they can certainly help to fix its meaning. It is a well recognised rule of construction that a statutory provision must be so con-strued, if possible that absurdity and mischief may be avoided. There are many situations where the construction suggested on behalf of the Revenue would lead to a wholly unreasonable result which could never have been intended by the legislature. Take, for example, a case where A agrees to sell his property to B for a certain price and before the sale is completed pursuant to the agreement and it is quite well-known that sometimes the competition of the sale may take place even a couple of years after the date of the agreement-the market price shoots up with the result that the market price prevailing on the date of the sale exceeds the agreed price at which the property is sold by more than 15% of such agreed price. This is not at all an uncommon case in an economy of rising prices and in fact we would find in a large number of cases where the sale is completed more than a year or two after the date of the agreement that the market price prevail-ing on the date of the sale is very much more than the price at which the property is sold under the agreement. Can it be contended with any degree of fairness and justice that in such cases, where there is clearly no understatement of consideration in respect of the transfer and the transaction is perfectly honest and bonafide and, in fact, in fulfillment of a contractual obligation, the as-sessee who has sold the property should be liable to pay tax on capital gains which have not ac-crued or arisen to him. It would indeed be most harsh and inequitable to tax the assessee on in-come which has neither arisen to him nor is received by him, merely because he has carried out the contractual obligation under-taken by him. It is difficult to conceive of any rational reason why the legislature should have thought it fit to impose liability to tax on an assessee who is bound by law to carry out his contractual obligation to sell the property at the agreed price and honestly carries out such contractual obligation. It would indeed be strange if obedience to the law should attract the levy of tax on income which has neither arisen to the assessee nor has been received by him. If we may take another illustration, let us consider a case where A sells his property to B with a stipulation that after some-time which may be a couple of years or more, he shall resell the property to A for the same price could it be contended in such a case that when B transfers the property to A for the same price at which he originally purchased it, he should be lia-ble to pay tax on the basis as if he has received the market value of the property as on the date of resale, if, in the meanwhile, the market price has shot up and exceeds the agreed price by more than 15%. Many other similar situations can be contemplated where it would be absurd and unreasonable to apply Section 52 Sub-section (2) according to its strict literal construction. We must therefore eschew literalness in the interpretation of Section 52 Sub-section (2) and try to arrive at an interpretation which avoids this absurdity and mischief and makes the provision ra-tional and sensible, unless of course, our hands are tied and we cannot find any escape from the tyranny of the literal interpretation. It is now a well settled rule of construction that where the plain literal interpretation of a statutory provision produces a manifestly absurd and unjust result which could never have been intended by the legislature, the court may modify the language used by the legislature or even ‘do some violence’ to it, so as to achieve the obvious intention of the legislature and produce a rational construction, Vide: Luke v. Inland Revenue Commissioner [1963] AC 557. The Court may also in such a case read into the statutory provision a condition which, though not expressed, is implicit as constituting the basic assumption underlying the stat-utory provision. We think that, having regard to this well recognised rule of interpretation, a fair and reasonable construction of Section 52 Sub-section (2) would be to read into it a condition that it would apply only where the consideration for the transfer is under-stated or in other words, the assessee has actually received a larger consideration for the transfer than what is declared in the instrument of transfer and it would have no application in case of a bonafide transaction where the full value of the consideration for the transfer is correctly declared by the assessee. There are several important considerations which incline us to accept this construction of Sec-tion 52 Sub-section (2).”
30. In Commissioner of Income Tax, Bangalore Vs. J.H. Gotla Yadagiri AIR 1985 SC 1698 this Court propounded that though equity and taxation are often strangers, attempts should be made that these do not remain always so and if a construction re-sults in equity rather than injustice, then such construction should be preferred to the literal con-struction.
31. In a recent rendition in State of Jharkhand and others vs. Tata Steel Ltd. and Ors. (2016) 11 SCC 147, this Court while exploring the underlying intent of a notifi-cation pertaining to the period of repayment by the respondents-assessee, which had earlier availed the benefit of deferment of payment of tax under the Jharkhand Value Added Tax Act, 2005 did exhaustively dwell on the golden rule of interpretation based on literal and plain meaning of the words/expressions used in a statute and with approval placed reliance on an earlier decision of this Court in Hansraj Gordhandas vs. H.H. Dave, Assistant Collector of Central Excise & Customs, Surat and others (1969) 2 SCR 252, in which it was pro-pounded thus:
“It was contended on behalf of the respondent that the object of granting exemption was to encourage the formation of cooperative societies which not only pro-duced cotton fabrics but which also consisted of members, not only owning but having actually operated not more than four power-looms during the three years immediately preceding their having joined the society. The policy was that instead of each such member operating his looms on his own, he should combine with others by forming a society which, through the cooperative effort should produce cloth. The intention was that the goods produced for which exemption could be claimed must be goods produced on its own behalf by the society. We are unable to accept the contention put forward on behalf of the respondents as correct. On a true construction of the lan-guage of the notifications, dated July 31, 1959 and April 30, 1960 it is clear that all that is required for claiming exemption is that the cotton fabrics must be produced on power-looms owned by the cooperative society. There is no further requirement under the two notifications that the cotton fabrics must be produced by the Co-operative Society on the power-looms “for itself”. It is well established that in a taxing statute there is no room for any intendment but regard must be had to the clear meaning of the words. The entire matter is governed wholly by the language of the notifi-cation. If the tax-payer is within the plain terms of the exemption it cannot be denied its ben-efit by calling in aid any supposed intention of the exempting authority. If such intention can be gathered from the construction of the words of the notification or by necessary implication there-from, the matter is different, but that is not the case here.”
[Underlining is ours]
32. In the same vein, the following passage from M/s Doypack Systems Pvt. Ltd. vs. Union of India and Ors. (1988) 2 SCC 299 was adverted to:
“58. The words in the statute must, prima facie, be given their or-dinary meanings. Where the grammatical construction is clear and manifest and without doubt, that construction ought to prevail unless there are some strong and obvious reasons to the con-trary. Nothing has been shown to warrant that literal construction should not be given effect to. See Chandavarkar S.R. Rao v. Ashalata (1986) 4 SCC 447 approving 44 Halsbury’s Laws of Eng-land, 4th Edn., para 856 at page 552, Nokes v. Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries Limited 1940 AC 1014. It must be emphasised that interpretation must be in consonance with the Directive Principles of State Policy in Article 39 (b) and (c) of the Constitution.
59. It has to be reiterated that the object of interpretation of a statute is to discover the intention of the Parliament as expressed in the Act. The dominant pur-pose in construing a statute is to ascertain the intention of the legislature as expressed in the statute, considering it as a whole and in its context. That intention, and therefore the meaning of the statute, is primarily to be sought in the words used in the statute itself, which must, if they are plain and unambiguous, be applied as they stand. …”
33. The following excerpts from Tata Steel Ltd. (supra), being of for-midable significance are also extracted as hereunder.
24. In this regard, reference to Mahadeo Prasad Bais (Dead) vs. Income- Tax Officer ‘A’ Ward, Gorakhpur and another (1991) 4 SCC 560 would be absolutely seemly. In the said case, it has been held that an interpretation which will result in an anomaly or absurdity should be avoided and where literal construction creates an anomaly, absurdity and discrimination, statute should be liberally construed even slightly strain-ing the language so as to avoid the meaningless anomaly. Emphasis has been laid on the principle that if an interpretation leads to absurdity, it is the duty of the court to avoid the same.
25. In Oxford University Press v. Commissioner of Income Tax (2001) 3 SCC 359, Mohapatra, J. has opined that interpretation should serve the intent and purpose of the statutory provision. In that context, the learned Judge has re-ferred to the authority in State of T.N. v. Kodaikanal Motor Union (P) Ltd. (1986) 3 SCC 91 wherein this Court after referring to P. Varghe-se v. ITO[ (1981) 4 SCC 173 and Luke v. IRC (1964) 54 ITR 692 has observed:-
“The courts must always seek to find out the intention of the legis-lature. Though the courts must find out the intention of the statute from the language used, but language more often than not is an imperfect instrument of expression of human thought. As Lord Denning said it would be idle to expect every statutory provision to be drafted with divine presci-ence and perfect clarity. As Judge Learned Hand said, we must not make a fortress out of diction-ary but remember that statutes must have some purpose or object, whose imaginative discovery is judicial craftsmanship. We need not always cling to literalness and should seek to endeavour to avoid an unjust or absurd result. We should not make a mockery of legislation. To make sense out of an unhappily worded provision, where the purpose is apparent to the judicial eye ‘some’ vio-lence to language is permissible.”
26. Sabharwal, J. (as His Lordship then was) has observed thus:-
“… It is well-recognised rule of construction that a statutory provi-sion must be so construed, if possible, that absurdity and mischief may be avoided. It was held that construction suggested on behalf of the Revenue would lead to a wholly unreasonable result which could never have been intended by the legislature. It was said that the literalness in the in-terpretation of Section 52(2) must be eschewed and the court should try to arrive at an interpreta-tion which avoids the absurdity and the mischief and makes the provision rational, sensible, un-less of course, the hands of the court are tied and it cannot find any escape from the tyranny of literal interpretation. It is said that it is now well-settled rule of construction that where the plain literal interpretation of a statutory provision produces a manifestly absurd and unjust result which could never have been intended by the legislature, the court may modify the language used by the legislature or even “do some violence” to it, so as to achieve the obvious intention of the legisla-ture and produce a rational construction. In such a case the court may read into the statutory pro-vision a condition which, though not expressed, is implicit in construing the basic assumption un-derlying the statutory provision. …”
34. As would be overwhelmingly pellucid from hereinabove, though words in a statute must, to start with, be extended their ordinary meanings, but if the literal construction thereof results in anomaly or absurdity, the courts must seek to find out the underlying intention of the legislature and in the said pursuit, can within permissible limits strain the language so as to avoid such unin-tended mischief.
35. In Seaford Court Estates Ltd. vs. Asker [1949] 2 All ER 155 hal-lowed by time, outlining the duty of the Court to iron out the creases, it was enunciated, that whenever a statute comes up for consideration, it must be remembered that it is not within hu-man powers to foresee the manifold sets of facts which may arise and even if it were, it is not possible to provide for them in terms free from all ambiguity, the caveat being that the English language is not an instrument of mathematical precision. It was held that in an eventuality where a Judge, believing himself to be fettered by the supposed rule that he must look to the language and nothing else, laments that the draftsmen have not provided for this or that or have been guilty of some or other ambiguity, he ought to set to work on the constructive task of finding the inten-tion of the Parliament and that he must do this not only from the language of the statute, but also from a consideration of the social conditions which gave rise to it and of the mischief which it was passed to remedy and then he must supplement the written word so as to give “force and life” to the intention of the legislature.
36. It would, in any case be incomprehensible that the legislature, while occasioning the amend-ment to the first proviso to Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules, was either ignorant or unaware of the preva-lent practice of offering trade discount in the contemporary commercial dispensations. This is more so, as trade discount continued to be an accepted item of deduction. In such a premise, the intention of the legislature could not have been to deny the benefit of deduction of trade discount by obdurately insisting on the reflection of such trade discount in the text invoice or the bill of sale at the point of the sale as the only device to guard against possible avoidance of tax under the cloak thereof. Axiomatically, therefor the interpretation to be extended to the proviso involved has to be essentially in accord with the legislative intention to sustain realistically the benefit of trade discount as envisaged. Any exposition to probabilism exaction of the levy in excess of the due, being impermissible cannot be thus a conceivable entailment of any law on imperative impost. To insist on the quantification of trade discount for deduction at the time of sale itself, by incorpo-rating the same in the tax invoice/bill of sale, would be to demand the impossible for all practical purposes and thus would be ill-logical, irrational and absurd. To reiterate, trade discount though an admitted phenomenon in commerce, the computation thereof may depend on various factors singular to the parties as well as by way of uniform norms in business not necessarily enforceable or implementable at the time of the original sale. To deny the benefit of deduction only on the ground of omission to reflect the trade discount though actually granted in future, in the tax in-voice/bill of sale at the time of the original transaction would be to ignore the contemporaneous actuality and be unrealistic, unfair, unjust and depredatory. This may herald as well the possible unauthorised taxation even in the face of cotaneous accounts kept in ordinary course of business, attesting the grant of such trade discount and adjustment thereof against the price. While, devi-ous manipulations in trade discount to avoid tax in a given fact situation is not an impossibility, such avoidance can be effectively prevented by insisting on the proof of such discount, if granted. The interpretation to the contrary, as sought to be assigned by the Revenue to the first proviso to Rule 3 (2)(c) of the Rules, when tested on the measure of the judicial postulations adumbrated hereinabove, thus does not commend for acceptance.
37. On an overall review of the scheme of the Act and the Rules and the underlying objectives in particular of Sections 29 and 30 of the Act and Rule 3 of the Rules, we are of the considered opin-ion that the requirement of reference of the discount in the tax invoice or bill of sale to qualify it for deduction has to be construed in relation to the transaction resulting in the final sale/purchase price and not limited to the original sale sans the trade discount. However, the transactions al-lowing discount have to be proved on the basis of contemporaneous records and the final sale price after deducting the trade discount must mandatorily be reflected in the accounts as stipu-lated under Rule 3(2)(c) of the Rules. The sale/purchase price has to be adjudged on a combined consideration of the tax invoice or bill of sale as the case may be along with the accounts reflect-ing the trade discount and the actual price paid. The first proviso has thus to be so read down, as above, to be in consonance with the true intendment of the legislature and to achieve as well the avowed objective of correct determination of the taxable turnover. The contrary interpretation accorded by the
High Court being in defiance of logic and the established axioms of interpretation of statutes is thus unacceptable and is negated. The appeals are thus allowed in the above terms. No costs.
******
(Author can be reached at Email: [email protected])
Author Bio
SUPPOSE I AM A CO. AND I PURCHASED MATERIAL AND AT THE TIME OF PAYMENT I RECEIVED CASH DISCOUNT. SHOULD I SHOW THIS AS MY INCOME AND INCLUDED THIS IS TOTAL TAXABLE TURNOVER WHICH WOULD SHOWN IN IT
SUPPOSE I AM A CO. AND I PURCHASED MATERIAL AND AT THE TIME OF PAYMENT I REVEIVED CASH DISCOUNT. SHOULD I SHOW THIS AS MY INCOME AND INCLUDED THIS IS TOTAL TAXABLE TURNOVER WHICH WOULD SHOWN IN IT