A Complete Guide to Taxation of Stock Market Income

If you are an investor or a trader in the stock market, you might be wondering how your income from selling shares is taxed. After all, you don’t want to pay more tax than you have to, or worse, get into trouble with the tax authorities for not reporting your income correctly.

In this article, we will explain how to calculate income tax on stock market earnings along with your salary, and what are the rules and exemptions that apply to different types of income from shares. We will also answer some frequently asked questions on this topic.

What are the types of income from shares?

Income from shares can be classified into two categories: capital gains and business income.

Capital gains

Capital gains are the profits or losses that you make when you sell your shares at a higher or lower price than what you bought them for. Capital gains can be further divided into two types: short-term capital gains (STCG) and long-term capital gains (LTCG).

Short-term capital gains (STCG)

STCG are the gains that you make when you sell your shares within 12 months of buying them. For example, if you buy 100 shares of ABC Ltd. at Rs. 100 per share on 1st January 2023, and sell them at Rs. 120 per share on 30th June 2023, you will make a STCG of Rs. 2,000 (100 x (120 – 100)).

Long-term capital gains (LTCG)

LTCG are the gains that you make when you sell your shares after holding them for more than 12 months. For example, if you buy 100 shares of XYZ Ltd. at Rs. 200 per share on 1st January 2023, and sell them at Rs. 250 per share on 1st February 2024, you will make a LTCG of Rs. 5,000 (100 x (250 – 200)).

Business income

Business income is the income that you earn from trading in shares as a regular activity, with the intention of making profits from price fluctuations. Business income can also be further divided into two types: speculative business income and non-speculative business income.

Speculative business income

Speculative business income is the income that you earn from intraday trading, i.e., buying and selling shares on the same day. For example, if you buy 100 shares of PQR Ltd. at Rs. 300 per share on 1st March 2023, and sell them at Rs. 320 per share on the same day, you will earn a speculative business income of Rs. 2,000 (100 x (320 – 300)).

Non-speculative business income

Non-speculative business income is the income that you earn from trading in shares other than intraday trading, i.e., holding shares for more than one day. For example, if you buy 100 shares of LMN Ltd. at Rs. 400 per share on 1st April 2023, and sell them at Rs. 420 per share on 15th April 2023, you will earn a non-speculative business income of Rs. 2,000 (100 x (420 – 400)).

How is income tax calculated on stock market earnings?

The tax treatment of your stock market earnings depends on whether they are classified as capital gains or business income, and whether they are short-term or long-term in nature.

Taxation of capital gains

The taxation of capital gains from equity shares listed on a recognized stock exchange in India is as follows:

• STCG are taxed at a flat rate of 15%, irrespective of your tax slab.
• LTCG are taxed at a flat rate of 10%, but only if they exceed Rs. 1 lakh in a financial year. LTCG up to Rs. 1 lakh are exempt from tax.
• There is no benefit of indexation for calculating LTCG from equity shares.
• There is no tax deducted at source (TDS) on capital gains from equity shares.

The calculation of capital gain is done by deducting the purchase price and the expenses related to the sale (such as brokerage, stamp duty, etc.) from the sale price.

For example, suppose you have the following transactions in equity shares in the financial year 2023-24:

Transaction	Date	Shares	Purchase Price	Sale Price
Buy ABC Ltd.	01/01/2023	100	Rs. 100	–
Sell ABC Ltd.	30/06/2023	100	–	Rs. 120
Buy XYZ Ltd.	01/01/2023	100	Rs. 200	–
Sell XYZ Ltd.	01/02/2024	100	–	Rs. 250
Buy PQR Ltd.	01/03/2023	100	Rs. 300	–
Sell PQR Ltd.	01/03/2023	100	–	Rs. 320

• Assuming that the brokerage and other expenses are 0.5% of the transaction value, your capital gains will be as follows:

Transaction	Capital Gain Type	Capital Gain Amount
Sell ABC Ltd.	STCG	Rs. 1,900 (100 x (120 – 100) – (0.5% x 100 x (120 + 100)))
Sell XYZ Ltd.	LTCG	Rs. 4,750 (100 x (250 – 200) – (0.5% x 100 x (250 + 200)))
Sell PQR Ltd.	Speculative business income	Rs. 1,900 (100 x (320 – 300) – (0.5% x 100 x (320 + 300)))

Your total STCG will be Rs. 1,900, which will be taxed at 15%, resulting in a tax liability of Rs. 285.

Your total LTCG will be Rs. 4,750, which will be taxed at 10%, but only if it exceeds Rs. 1 lakh in a financial year. Since it does not exceed Rs. 1 lakh, it will be exempt from tax.

Your total speculative business income will be Rs. 1,900, which will be taxed as per your tax slab.

Taxation of business income

The taxation of business income from equity shares is as follows:

• Speculative business income is taxed as per your tax slab.
• Non-speculative business income is taxed as per your tax slab.
• You can claim deductions for the expenses incurred for earning the business income, such as brokerage, internet charges, software costs, etc.
• You can set off your speculative business losses against your speculative business income only, and carry forward the remaining losses for four years.
• You can set off your non-speculative business losses against any other income except salary income, and carry forward the remaining losses for eight years.
• There is no TDS on business income from equity shares.

The calculation of business income is done by deducting the purchase price and the expenses related to the sale (such as brokerage, stamp duty, etc.) from the sale price.

For example, suppose you have the following transactions in equity shares in the financial year 2023-24:

Transaction	Date	Shares	Purchase Price	Sale Price
Buy LMN Ltd.	01/04/2023	100	Rs. 400	–
Sell LMN Ltd.	15/04/2023	100	–	Rs. 420

Assuming that the brokerage and other expenses are 0.5% of the transaction value, your non-speculative business income will be as follows:

Transaction	Non-Speculative Business Income Amount
Sell LMN Ltd.	Rs. 1,900 (100 x (420 – 400) – (0.5% x 100 x (420 + 400)))

Your total non-speculative business income will be Rs. 1,900, which will be taxed as per your tax slab.

You can claim deductions for the expenses incurred for earning the non-speculative business income, such as brokerage, internet charges, software costs, etc.

How to report stock market earnings in your income tax return?

You need to report your stock market earnings in your income tax return under the appropriate heads and schedules.

If you have capital gains from equity shares, you need to report them under the head ‘Capital Gains’ in Schedule CG of ITR-2 or ITR-3.

If you have business income from equity shares, you need to report them under the head ‘Profits and Gains from Business or Profession’ in Schedule BP of ITR-3.

You also need to report the details of your transactions in equity shares in Schedule EI of ITR-2 or ITR-3.

You can use an online tool like ClearTax to file your income tax return easily and accurately.

How to calculate income tax on stock market earnings along with your salary?

If you have both salary income and stock market earnings in a financial year, you need to add them together to arrive at your gross total income.

You can then claim deductions under various sections of the Income Tax Act, such as Section 80C, Section 80D, Section 80G, etc., to reduce your taxable.

Please note that the information provided here is for general understanding purposes only and should not be considered professional tax advice. For specific tax advice tailored to your individual circumstances, it is best to consult a qualified tax advisor.