RBI Credit Information Reporting Amendment Directions, 2025: Key Changes, New Reporting Timelines and Compliance Roadmap for NBFCs
1. Introduction
In a major regulatory development aimed at strengthening India’s credit information ecosystem, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued the Reserve Bank of India (Non-Banking Financial Companies – Credit Information Reporting) Amendment Directions, 2025 vide Circular No. RBI/DOR/2025-26/117 dated 04 December 2025.
The amendments represent a significant shift in the manner in which Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) report borrower information to Credit Information Companies (CICs). Moving beyond the traditional monthly reporting framework, RBI has introduced a more dynamic and near real-time reporting mechanism that requires multiple reporting cycles during a month. The amendments also mandate reporting of Central KYC (CKYC) numbers, introduce incremental reporting requirements, and prescribe stricter timelines for rectification of rejected data.
These measures are expected to enhance the quality, accuracy, and timeliness of credit information available in the financial system, thereby facilitating better credit assessment, reducing information asymmetry, and strengthening financial stability.
The amended provisions shall come into force with effect from 1 July 2026.
2. Regulatory Background
Credit Information Companies (CICs) play a crucial role in the Indian financial system by collecting, maintaining, and disseminating credit information relating to borrowers. Banks, NBFCs, Housing Finance Companies, and other lending institutions rely heavily on credit reports generated by CICs for evaluating the creditworthiness of prospective borrowers.
To ensure that CICs maintain updated and accurate records, Credit Institutions (CIs) are required to furnish borrower information periodically under the provisions of the Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act, 2005.
With rapid growth in digital lending, increasing loan origination volumes, and rising dependence on credit bureau data for underwriting decisions, RBI observed the need for a more frequent and robust reporting mechanism. Consequently, the existing Directions have been amended to improve data quality and reporting efficiency.
3. Applicability
The Amendment Directions apply to all NBFCs functioning as Credit Institutions and reporting data to Credit Information Companies.
The framework is applicable to:
√ Asset Finance Companies (AFCs)
√ Investment and Credit Companies (ICCs)
√ NBFC-Micro Finance Institutions (NBFC-MFIs)
√ Housing Finance Companies (HFCs)
√ Infrastructure Finance Companies
√ Infrastructure Debt Funds
√ Other RBI-regulated NBFCs reporting borrower data to CICs
4. Effective Date
| Particulars | Date |
| Amendment Directions Issued | 04 December 2025 |
| Effective Date | 01 July 2026 |
NBFCs are expected to upgrade their systems and reporting processes before the effective date to ensure seamless compliance.
5. Key Amendments at a Glance
| Area | Existing Framework | Revised Framework |
| Reporting Frequency | Monthly | Four reporting cycles every month |
| Reporting Format | Full File | Full File + Incremental Reporting |
| CKYC Reporting | Not mandatory | Mandatory wherever available |
| Rectification Timeline | General requirement | Specific timeline prescribed |
| DPD Reporting | Monthly updates | Every DPD change reportable |
| Regulatory Monitoring | Limited | DAKSH Portal monitoring by RBI |
6. Amendment 1: Introduction of Multiple Reporting Cycles
> Existing Position
Under the earlier framework, NBFCs generally submitted credit information to CICs once every month.
Although monthly reporting served the purpose of maintaining borrower information, there was often a time lag between borrower actions and their reflection in credit bureau records.
> Revised Requirement
The amendment introduces four reporting reference dates during every month:
√ 9th Day
√ 16th Day
√ 23rd Day
√ Last Day of the Month
NBFCs are now required to furnish credit information based on these reporting dates.
> Significance of the Change
The amendment effectively transforms the reporting system from a monthly cycle into a near real-time reporting framework.
This will ensure:
- Faster updation of borrower records
- More accurate credit scores
- Improved underwriting decisions
- Better monitoring of stressed borrowers
- Enhanced transparency in the credit ecosystem
7. Amendment 2: Full File and Incremental Reporting Framework
One of the most important changes introduced by RBI is the distinction between Full File Reporting and Incremental Reporting.
A. Full File Reporting
NBFCs shall continue to submit a complete database of borrower information.
i. Submission Timeline
Data as on the last day of the month must be submitted by the 5th day of the succeeding month.
ii. Full File Shall Include
1. All active accounts in the books of the NBFC.
2. Accounts where the relationship between the borrower and the NBFC has ended since the previous reporting cycle.
Examples include:
- Closed loans
- Foreclosed loans
- Settled accounts
- Matured loans
B. Incremental Reporting
For reporting dates falling on the 9th, 16th and 23rd of the month, NBFCs are required to submit only incremental data.
i. Submission Deadline
Within four calendar days from the respective reporting reference date.
ii. What Constitutes Incremental Accounts?
RBI has prescribed four categories of accounts that must be included in incremental reporting.
> Category A – Newly Opened Accounts
All accounts opened since the previous reporting date.
Examples:
- Personal Loans
- Vehicle Loans
- Gold Loans
- Business Loans
> Category B – Closed Accounts
All accounts where the borrower relationship has ended after the previous reporting cycle.
Examples:
- Loan closure
- Foreclosure
- Settlement
- Loan maturity
> Category C – Borrower-Initiated Changes
Any borrower action resulting in changes to account information must be reported.
Examples include:
- EMI repayments
- Outstanding balance changes
- Address modifications
- Mobile number updates
- Email updates
- Change in guarantor
- Change in ownership
- Change in account type
> Category D – Overdue Accounts
Accounts where:
- Interest becomes overdue, or
- Principal instalment becomes overdue
must be reported.
C. Special Requirement: Reporting of DPD Changes
RBI has specifically clarified that even if there is no change in any field except Days Past Due (DPD), the account shall still be reported.
Illustration
Previous Reporting Date:
DPD = 15 Days
Current Reporting Date:
DPD = 22 Days
Although no other information has changed, the account must be included in incremental reporting.
This is expected to significantly improve the quality of credit bureau data and provide lenders with a more accurate view of borrower repayment behaviour.
8. Amendment 3: Mandatory CKYC Number Reporting
Existing Position
There was no explicit requirement to furnish CKYC numbers to Credit Information Companies.
Revised Requirement
A new paragraph has been inserted requiring Credit Institutions to report the CKYC number of borrowers wherever available.
In case the CKYC number is allotted subsequently, the same must be reported once available.
9. Benefits of CKYC Reporting
a) Better Customer Identification
Facilitates accurate identification of borrowers across financial institutions.
b) Reduction in Duplicate Records
Helps eliminate multiple borrower profiles.
c) Enhanced Data Integrity
Improves consistency and reliability of bureau records.
d) Improved Fraud Detection
Strengthens verification and monitoring mechanisms.
10. Amendment 4: Time-Bound Rectification of Rejected Data
Existing Position
While rejected records were generally corrected and resubmitted, there was no clearly prescribed regulatory timeline.
Revised Requirement
Where data submitted by an NBFC is rejected by a CIC, the NBFC must:
- Rectify the rejected records.
- Resubmit the corrected data.
- Complete rectification before or along with the next reporting cycle.
Compliance Impact
NBFCs will need:
√ Automated validation mechanisms
√ Data quality monitoring systems
√ Exception reporting framework
√ Maker-checker controls
√ Dedicated rectification process
11. Amendment 5: Regulatory Monitoring Through DAKSH Portal
To strengthen supervisory oversight, CICs are now required to report non-compliant Credit Institutions through RBI’s DAKSH Portal.
> Reporting Frequency
Half-yearly reporting shall be made as on:
- 31 March
- 30 September
> Purpose
The objective is to identify institutions that:
- Delay submission of data
- Fail to comply with reporting timelines
- Frequently submit inaccurate information
- Exhibit persistent reporting deficiencies
12. New Reporting Timeline Matrix
| Reporting Date | Submission by CI | Rectification Report by CIC | Corrected Data by CI |
| 9th | 13th | 16th | 20th |
| 16th | 20th | 23rd | 27th |
| 23rd | 27th | 30th | 5th of Next Month |
| Month End | 5th of Next Month | 8th of Next Month | 13th of Next Month |
13. Challenges for NBFCs
The revised framework will require significant operational and technological preparedness.
i. Technology Challenges
√ Core system modifications
√ Automated data extraction
√ CKYC integration
√ Real-time DPD monitoring
ii. Operational Challenges
√ Increased reporting frequency
√ Faster reconciliation processes
√ Continuous monitoring of borrower transactions
iii. Data Governance Challenges
√ Data validation
√ Error reduction
√ Timely rectification
√ Audit trail maintenance
14. Action Plan for NBFCs
To ensure readiness before 1 July 2026, NBFCs should undertake the following steps:
Step 1 – Conduct Gap Analysis
Assess current reporting capabilities and identify system gaps.
Step 2 – Upgrade Technology Infrastructure
Modify Loan Management Systems and bureau reporting utilities.
Step 3 – Integrate CKYC Data
Ensure CKYC numbers are captured and maintained.
Step 4 – Implement Incremental Reporting Logic
Develop automated mechanisms for identifying reportable changes.
Step 5 – Strengthen Data Governance
Introduce validation controls and maker-checker mechanisms.
Step 6 – Conduct User Acceptance Testing
Perform trial runs with CICs before implementation.
Step 7 – Train Employees
Educate operations, compliance, risk, and IT teams regarding the revised requirements.
15. Conclusion
The RBI Credit Information Reporting Amendment Directions, 2025 represent a landmark reform in India’s credit reporting framework. By introducing multiple reporting cycles, incremental reporting, mandatory CKYC reporting, and stricter rectification timelines, RBI aims to create a more transparent, accurate, and responsive credit information ecosystem.
For NBFCs, the amendments will necessitate substantial investments in technology, data governance, and operational controls. However, these measures are expected to significantly improve the quality of credit information available to lenders and contribute to a stronger and more resilient financial system.
With the implementation date of 1 July 2026 approaching, NBFCs should begin their compliance preparations immediately to ensure a smooth transition to the new reporting framework.
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Disclaimer: – The information provided is for educational purposes and should not be considered as professional advice. The author shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, or incidental damage resulting from, arising out of, or in connection with the use of the information.
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