Future of Jobs Report 2023 – An analysis of OECD Report

Explore insights from the Future of Jobs Report 2023 by the World Economic Forum, analyzing trends, impacts, and job outlooks for 2023-2027. Read the full report at. Stay informed about the dynamic changes in the job market, technology adoption, and the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) challenges shaping the future of work.

Author in this article discusses the relevant portion of recently published report namely ‘Future of Jobs Report 2023’ for next 5 years. The more important objective is to enable the reader to read the actual report.  One can get the copy of the report at https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/

Citation

World Economic Forum (wcforum.org) has recently issued a report titled as “Future of Jobs Report 2023”, May 2023. ISBN-13: 978-2-940631-96-4

The author has divided the inputs of the report into 3 parts namely

Part – 1 – Contents of the Report – [overall facts, forecasts and conclusions of the report]

Part – 2 – Statistical data – [Expected increase / decrease in jobs in order of weights]

Part – 3 – Description – of industrial cluster –that will be impacted

Background

After widespread instability in the last three years (2020-2022, both inclusive) across the world of work, World Economic Forum hopes that the outlook provided in this report will contribute to an ambitious multi stakeholder agenda to better

• prepare workers,
• businesses,
• governments,
• educators and
• civil society

for the disruptions and opportunities to come, and empower them to navigate these social, environmental and technological transitions.

The time is ripe for business leaders and policy-makers to decisively shape these transformations and ensure that future investments translate into better jobs and opportunities for all and align the same to their respective geographical area generally a Country, a state or a political sub-Division.

The report gives world’s largest employers related to job trends and directions for the 2023— 2027 period.

The data is collected across

803 companies

1.13 crores employees

27 industry clusters (refer part 3 for understanding)

45 economies across the world

Technology adoption will remain a key driver of business transformation in the next five years. Over 85% of organizations surveyed identify increased adoption of new and frontier technologies and broadening digital access as the trends most likely to drive transformation in their organization.

Agriculture will also not be any exception thereof.

The impact of most technologies on jobs is expected to be a net positive over the next five years. All but two technologies are expected to be net job creators in the next five years being humanoid robots and non-humanoid robots

Entering the subject

• Chapter 1 reviews the global labour-market landscape at the beginning of 2023.
• Chapter 2 explores how key macrotrends are expected to transform this landscape over the 2023–2027 period.
• Chapters 3 and 4 then discuss the resulting global outlooks for jobs and skills over the 2023–2027 period.
• Chapter 5 reviews emerging workforce and talent strategies in response to these trends.
• The report’s appendices provide an overview of the report’s
  • Survey Methodology
  • Detailed sectoral breakdowns of the five-year outlook for macrotrends,
  • Technology adoption and skills.

Take away Point

a) Developed Countries have already experienced the upcoming phase of industrialisation in one form or another and the experience says that suitably adjustments to education system is the only “preventive” measure.

b) Since 2004, India is collecting education cess and higher education cess with the above stated purpose in mind.

c) There will be a significant change in the labour market scenario. Apparently, though India is in a better situation than some of the countries, but is not adequately prepared for addressing the issue.

d) There is a reduction in real income / wages.

e) Following two will be the prime areas influencing the labour market namely;

1) Technology Adoption

2) Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)

Technology Adoption

f) The Business community has been pessimistic about adoption of technology till end of 2022. The speed of adoption of technology is expected to be at increased rate till 2027.

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)

g) There is irreparable exploitation of natural resources causing an almost irreversible altercation to natural phenomenon like increase in over-all temperature, polluted air directly affecting quality of life of all living beings.

h) There is a reduction in poverty in both absolute terms and in contextual terms. There is an increase in perception of what are basic requirements of life. It has gone much beyond “food, shelter and clothing”.

i) Though not necessarily by way of formal education, the Information technology have significantly increased the knowledge periphery of people across the globe.

a. https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-registers-remarkable-reduction-in-poverty-with-415-million-people-coming-out-of-it-in-15-years-united-nations/article67066698.ece

b. https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi#/indicies/MPI

j) There is a significantly increased life expectancy [almost 80 years] but not the quality thereof. There will be a plural demand for industrial cluster dealing in Care, education and healthcare.

Overall-economy

k) The speed of overall economic growth is expected to be lower than its potential and definitely lower than the speed of technology adoption.

l) With technology adoption at a higher speed and the economic growth at lower speed, we will land ourselves into a position of un-employment and labour shortage co-existing in almost every industry.

Conclusion

m) With 80 years as life expectancy, the current transient phase will hit all individuals [working or non-working] at respective age of their life and will influence it.

n) The irony will be it is more probable than not where various factors will affect individuals in a lot more stranger manner than expected and they may not be able to cope up with the speed of changing situation.

Part – 1 – Contents of the Report – [overall facts, forecasts and conclusions of the report]

There will be significantly differing impacts on

• high-income countries where a tight labour market is prevalent whereas
• low- and lower-middle-income countries continue to see higher unemployment than before the COVID-19 pandemic.

It will be out of context for a reader to directly draw any conclusion by picking up any para of this article.

Fastest Growing Roles

1) The fastest-growing roles relative to their size today are driven by technology, digitalization and sustainability. Refer

• Oil and Gas – 93%
• Chemical and Advanced Materials (88%)
• Production of Consumer Goods (86%).

For remaining – Refer List A

Fastest Declining Roles

2) The fastest-declining roles relative to their size today are driven by technology and digitalization.

• clerical or secretarial roles, with Bank Tellers and Related Clerks,
• Postal Service Clerks, and Cashiers and
• Ticket Clerks expected to decline fastest.

Other areas which will see a drastic reduction are as follows in descending order

• Media, entertainment and sports
• Government and public sector
• Information technology and digital communications
• Real estate

For remaining – Refer List B

3) Large-scale job growth is expected in education, agriculture and digital commerce and trade.

a. Jobs in the Education industry by about 10%,

b. Jobs for agricultural professionals, especially Agricultural Equipment Operators, by about 30%.

For remaining – Refer List C

4) Following will reduce employment by automation but will increase automation in slightly long term as these areas will become open. In decreasing order of importance.

For remaining – refer List D

The largest job creation and destruction effects will come from

• Technology
• Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)

Technology

16-Jul-2023 is celebrated as Artificial Intelligence Day !!!

Refer following news lines

• https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-news-sewer-cleaning-robot-deployed-to-replace-manual-scavenging-11689086952357.html
• https://www.dw.com/en/robots-reassure-humans-at-first-ai-press-conference/a-66156888

Within technology adoption, big data, cloud computing and AI feature highly on likelihood of adoption. More than 75% of companies are looking to adopt these technologies in the next five years.

Digital platforms and apps are the technologies most likely to be adopted by the organizations surveyed, with 86% of companies expecting to incorporate them into their operations in the next five years.

E-commerce and digital trade are expected to be adopted by 75% of businesses.

The second-ranked technology encompasses education and workforce technologies, with 81% of companies looking to adopt these technologies by 2027.

The adoption of robots, power storage technology and distributed ledger technologies rank lower on the list.

The impact of most technologies on jobs is expected to be a net positive over the next five years.

All but two technologies are expected to be net job creators in the next five years: humanoid robots and non-humanoid robots.

Respondents to this year’s Future of Jobs Survey expect a higher-than-average churn in the Supply Chain and Transportation and Media, Entertainment and Sports industrial cluster, and lower-than-average churn in Manufacturing as well as Retail and Wholesale of Consumer Goods.

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)

Refer following news lines

• https://weather.com/en-IN/india/climate-change/news/2023-07-08-planet-sets-alarming-temperature-records-highest-in-millennia
• https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/yamuna-flood-waters-touch-taj-mahal-walls-for-first-time-45-years-10980111.html
• https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/multidimensional-poverty-india-niti-aayog-8845935/

Today industry across the world is forced to take into consideration environmental and social challenges for its own survival which has opened some job opportunities.

Environmental challenges:

Climate change: Climate change is the most pressing environmental challenge of our time. It is caused by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the planet to warm. Climate change is already having a significant impact on the planet, and it is expected to get worse in the future.

Air pollution: Air pollution is another major environmental challenge. It is caused by the release of pollutants into the air, such as car exhaust, factory emissions, and smoke from fires. Air pollution can cause a variety of health problems, including respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer.

Water pollution: Water pollution is a serious problem that affects people all over the world. It is caused by the release of pollutants into water bodies, such as sewage, chemicals, and agricultural runoff. Water pollution can make water unsafe to drink, swim in, or use for irrigation.

Deforestation: Deforestation is the clearing of forests for human use. It is a major contributor to climate change, as forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation also has a negative impact on biodiversity, as it destroys the habitats of plants and animals.

Social challenges:

Poverty: Poverty is a major social challenge that affects people all over the world. It is defined as the lack of the resources necessary to meet basic needs, such as food, shelter, clothing, and healthcare. Poverty can have a devastating impact on people’s lives, making it difficult to get an education, find a job, and live a healthy life.

Inequality: Inequality is another major social challenge. It is the gap between the rich and the poor. Inequality can lead to social unrest, crime, and political instability.

Gender inequality: Gender inequality is the discrimination against women and girls. It is a major problem in many parts of the world, and it prevents women from reaching their full potential.

Discrimination: Discrimination is the unfair treatment of people based on their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. It is a serious problem that can have a devastating impact on people’s lives.

———- —————- ————–

Other areas addressed in the Part – 2 are as follows

a) Trends in green jobs

b) For Mechanics and Machinery Repairers, and construction workers

c) Supply-chain and logistics jobs

d) Social jobs –

e) Top industrial cluster for increasing skill requirements, 2023–2027

f) Talent management

g) Top industrial cluster for increasing skill requirements, 2023–2027

• Technology skills
• Management skills
• Engagement skills
• Physical abilities
• Self-efficacy, working with others and ethics

h) The report identifies the top 10 fastest-growing job roles

i) The report also identifies the top 10 most in-demand skills

j) The report concludes that the future of work will be increasingly characterized by automation, digitization, and the rise of new technologies.

k) This will require workers to be adaptable and resilient, and to have a strong foundation in critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity.

l) In coming days, preferences will be given to the following categories for employment

m) Funding for training, 2023-2027

n) Probability distributions for the expected duration of training programmes from 2023 to 2027, and how long organizations surveyed expect to subsequently wait for a return on this investment

Part – 2 – Statistical data – [Expected increase / decrease in jobs in order of weights]

List -A – Industry-wise percentage where employers will adopt technology

In decreasing order of importance

• Oil and Gas – 93%
• Chemical and Advanced Materials (88%)
• Production of Consumer Goods (86%).
• Services Industry – 26%
• Education and Training (36%)
• Insurance and Pension Management (42%).
• Electronics (80%);
• Research, Design & Business Mng. (77%);
• Energy Technology & Utilities (75%)
• Mining and Metals (46%);
• Accommodation, Food & Leisure services (42%); and
• Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (30%)

List -B – The majority of fastest declining roles are In decreasing order of importance

• clerical or secretarial roles, with Bank Tellers and Related Clerks, Postal Service Clerks, and Cashiers and Ticket Clerks expected to decline fastest.
• Other areas which will see a drastic reduction are as follows in descending order
• Media, entertainment and sports
• Government and public sector
• Information technology and digital communications
• Real estate
• Financial services
• Supply chain and transportation
• Non-governmental & membership Orgns.
• Education and training
• Care, personal services and wellbeing
• Agriculture and natural resources
• Professional services
• Infrastructure
• Health and healthcare
• Retail and wholesale of consumer goods
• Energy and materials
• Manufacturing
• Automotive and aerospace
• Accommodation, Food and Leisure
• AI and Machine Learning Specialists
• Sustainability Specialists Business Intelligence Analysts Information Security Analysts
• FinTech Engineers Data Analysts and Scientists
• Robotics Engineers Big Data Specialists
• Agricultural Equipment Operators Digital Transformation Specialists
• Blockchain Developers E-commerce Specialists
• Digital Marketing and Strategy Specialists
• Data Engineers Commercial and Industrial Designers Business Development Professionals
• Develops Engineers Database Architects
• Process Automation Specialists Software and Applications Developers Risk Management Specialists
• Building Frame and Related Trades Workers
• Technical Specialists Database and Network Professionals
• Application Developers Project Managers Full Stack Engineers
• Architects and Surveyors Advertising and Public Relations Professionals Industrial and Production Engineers
• Heavy Truck and Bus Drivers Electrotechnology Engineers
• Solar Energy Installation and System Engineers
• Sustainability Specialists Vocational Education Teachers
• Financial Analysts Internet of Things Specialists
• University and Higher Education Teachers Renewable Energy Engineers
• Civil Engineers Supply Chain and Logistics Specialists
• Graphic Designers Sheet and Structural Metal Workers, Moulders… Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers Electrical Equipment Installers and Repairers
• Special Education Teachers Chemical Engineers Chefs and Cooks
• Financial and Investment Advisers
• Mechanical Engineers Mechanics and Machinery Repairers Power Production Plant Operators
• Building Finishers and Related Trades Workers
• Hence forth net reducing. With each succeeding line item, the reduction rate increases
• Construction Laborers Investment Fund Managers Organisational Development Specialists Chemical Processing Plant Operators
• Electronics and Telecommunications Installers… Training and Development Specialists Sales and Marketing Professionals Management and Organisation Analysts General and Operations Managers
• Product Managers Sales Representatives, Wholesale and…
• ICT Operations and User Support Technicians Manufacturing, Mining, Construction, and…
• Strategic Advisors Recruiters and technical recruiters
• Food Processing and Related Trades Workers Regulatory and Government Associate…
• Materials Engineers Managing Directors and Chief Executives
• Lawyers Farmworkers and Laborers Data Warehousing Specialists Human Resources Specialists Car, Van and Motorcycle Drivers
• Business Services and Administration Managers
• Assembly and Factory Workers Sales and Purchasing Agents and Brokers Primary School and Early Childhood Teachers
• Paralegals and Legal Assistants Social Work and Counselling Professionals
• Compliance Officers Accountants and Auditors
• Telemarketers Client Information and Customer Service Workers
• Social Media Strategist Insurance Underwriters
• Building Caretakers and Housekeepers
• Shop Salespersons Relationship Managers Software testers
• Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
• Credit and Loans Officers
• Security Guards Door-To-Door Sales Workers,
• News and Street…
• Statistical, Finance and Insurance Clerks
• Legislators and Officials Accounting, Bookkeeping and Payroll Clerks Material-Recording and Stock-Keeping Clerks Administrative and Executive Secretaries
• Data Entry Clerks Cashiers and Ticket Clerks Postal Service Clerks
• Bank Tellers and Related Clerks

List -C – Largest job increase

In decreasing order of importance

• Agricultural equipment operators
• Heavy truck and bus drivers
• Vocational education teachers
• Mechanics and machinery repairers
• Business development professionals
• Building frame and related trades workers
• University and higher education teachers
• Electrotechnology engineers
• Sheet and structural metal workers, moulders and welders
• Special education teachers
• Light truck or delivery services drivers
• Digital transformation specialists
• Construction laborers Sustainability specialists
• Digital marketing and strategy specialists

• Largest job decline, millions – very important

• Expected impact of technology adoption 2023-2027 will be a bet gain in employment

• Robots, humanoid, Robots, non-humanoid (e.g. industrial automation, drones) will have a negative impact on employment i.e. it will reduce the employment by automation

List -D – Following will reduce employment by automation but will increase automation in slightly long term as these areas will become open. In decreasing order of importance

• Big-data analytics
• Climate-change mitigation technology
• Environmental management technologies
• Encryption and cybersecurity
• Biotechnology
• Agriculture technologies
• Digital platforms and apps
• Health and care technologies
• Education and workforce development technologies
• Augmented and virtual reality
• Power storage and generation
• E-commerce and digital trade
• Biodiversity protection technologies
• Cryptocurrencies Cloud computing
• Water-related adaptation technologies
• New materials
• Distributed ledger technology
• 3D and 4D printing and modelling
• Satellite services and space flight
• Internet of things and connected devices
• Nanotechnology
• Artificial intelligence
• Quantum computing
• Text, image, and voice processing
• Electric and autonomous vehicles

Trends in green jobs

Jobs for Agricultural professionals, especially Agricultural Equipment Operators, are expected to see an increase of 30%.

For Mechanics and Machinery Repairers, and construction workers

Though a net decline is expected, sheer volume it may take some time for its impact to become apparent.

Supply-chain and logistics jobs

This group is facing both expectations of growth and decline in jobs are roles connected to Logistics.

Some employers expect to hire more Heavy Truck and Bus Drivers, while others expect to reduce this workforce.

Supply shortages and rising input costs are expected to be a major job displacer.

Localization of supply chains is will be the largest gross contributors to job growth

Social jobs –

The need for Social jobs (Care, Education and Healthcare) is increasing especially in urban areas.

As the world faces a growing and ageing global population, the importance of social jobs will no doubt increase.

In countries like India, the said sector may get people but they will not be sufficiently trained or willing to accept the job

Top industries for increasing skill requirements, 2023–2027

• Creative thinking
• Analytical thinking
• Technological literacy
• Curiosity and lifelong learning
• Resilience, flexibility and agility
• Systems thinking
• AI and big data
• Motivation and self-awareness

Talent management

• Service orientation and customer service
• Leadership and social influence
• Empathy and active listening
• Dependability and attention to detail
• Resource management and operations
• Networks and cybersecurity
• Quality control
• Design and user experience
• Teaching and mentoring
• Environmental stewardship
• Programming
• Marketing and media
• Multi-lingualism
• Reading, writing and mathematics
• Global citizenship
• Sensory-processing abilities
• Manual dexterity, endurance and precision

Top industries for increasing skill requirements, 2023–2027

Cognitive skills

1. Electronics

2. Non-governmental and Membership Orgns.

3. Chemical and Advanced Materials

4. Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing

5. Government and Public Sector

6. Media, Entertainment and Sports

7. Oil and Gas

Technology skills

1. Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing

2. Insurance and Pensions Management

3. Financial Services and Capital Markets

4. Energy Technology and Utilities

5. Employment Services

6. Information and Technology Services

7. Chemical and Advanced Materials

Management skills

1. Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing

2. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

3. Non-governmental and Membership Orgns.

4. Chemical and Advanced Materials

5. Education and Training

6. Automotive and Aerospace

7. Electronics

Engagement skills

1. Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing

2. Accommodation, Food and Leisure

3. Media, Entertainment and Sports

4. Non-governmental and Membership Orgns.

5. Oil and Gas

6. Education and Training

7. Electronics

Physical abilities

1. Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing

2. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

3. Mining and Metals

4. Advanced Manufacturing

5. Research, Design and Business Management Services

6. Chemical and Advanced Materials

7. Retail and Wholesale of Consumer Goods

Self-efficacy, working with others and ethics

1. Oil and Gas

2. Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing

3. Electronics

4. Automotive and Aerospace

5. Chemical and Advanced Materials

6. Education and Training

7. Non-governmental and Membership Orgns.

The report identifies the top 10 fastest-growing job roles, which are:

• AI and machine learning specialists
• Data analysts and scientists
• Digital transformation specialists
• Robotics engineers
• Cloud architects
• Software engineers
• User experience designers
• Product managers
• Cybersecurity specialists
• Blockchain specialists

The report also identifies the top 10 most in-demand skills, which are:

• Critical thinking and problem-solving
• Creativity and innovation
• Ability to learn new things quickly
• Adaptability and resilience
• Teamwork and collaboration
• Communication and interpersonal skills
• Data literacy
• Analytical thinking
• Ethical and responsible behaviour

———- —————- ————–

80% or above companies

1) Invest in learning and training on the job

2) Accelerate the automation of processes

40% or above companies

3) Transition existing staff from declining to growing roles

less than 5% for each of the following reason

4) Outsource significant areas of work

5) Expand the use of contract work

6) Hire significantly more permanent staff

7) Reduce the current workforce significantly

In coming days, preferences will be given to the following categories for employment

• Women
• Youth from Gen Z (under 25)
• Those with disabilities

Those from a disadvantaged religious, ethnic or racial background

• Older workers (over 55)
• Those who identify as LGBTQI+
• Those from a low-income background

Funding for training, 2023-2027

• Funded by my organization
• Free-of-cost training
• Public-private hybrid funding
• Funded by government
• Co-funding across the industry
• Duration of training and expected return on investment

Probability distributions for the expected duration of training programmes from 2023 to 2027, and how long organizations surveyed expect to subsequently wait for a return on this investment

• Do not require training before 2027 – 39%
• Will be upskilled in post by 2027 – 18%
• Training needed but not accessible until 2027 – 12%
• Will be reskilled and redeployed by 2027 – 16%
• Training needed but not accessible for the foreseeable future – 15%

Part – 3 – Description – of industrial Clusters –that will be impacted

Power storage and generation

• Power storage and generation technologies refer to the methods used to store and generate electrical energy. Here are some examples:
• Overall, power storage and generation technologies are critical for meeting our energy needs in a sustainable way. As the world continues to transition to a low-carbon economy, it will be important to continue to develop and deploy innovative power storage and generation technologies that can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change.
  • Batteries: Batteries are one of the most common ways to store electrical energy. They are used in a wide range of applications, from portable electronic devices to electric vehicles to grid-scale energy storage.
  • Fuel cells: Fuel cells generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. They are often used in transportation applications, but also have potential for stationary power generation.
  • Solar power: Solar power involves converting sunlight into electrical energy using photovoltaic (PV) cells. This is a rapidly growing industry, and solar power is now one of the cheapest sources of electricity in many parts of the world.
  • Wind power: Wind power involves using wind turbines to generate electricity from the motion of the wind. It is also a rapidly growing industry, and is now a major source of electricity in many countries.
  • Hydro power: Hydro power involves using the motion of water to generate electricity. It is a mature technology, and is widely used in many parts of the world.

Electric and autonomous vehicles

• Electric and autonomous vehicles are two related technologies that are transforming the way we think about transportation.
• Electric vehicles (EVs) use electric motors powered by batteries instead of internal combustion engines.
• They are becoming increasingly popular due to their lower operating costs and environmental benefits. EVs emit zero emissions from their tailpipes and can reduce greenhouse gas emissions when powered by clean electricity sources like wind and solar power.
• Autonomous vehicles (AVs), also known as self-driving cars, use a variety of sensors and technologies to navigate roads and make driving decisions without human input. AVs have the potential to reduce accidents caused by human error and make transportation more efficient.
• They could also enable more people to travel, including those who are unable to drive themselves, such as the elderly and people with disabilities.
• The combination of EVs and AVs has the potential to transform the way we think about transportation. EVs can reduce emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, while AVs can make transportation safer and more efficient. Together, they could also reduce congestion and enable more people to access transportation, particularly in areas with limited public transit options.
• However, there are also challenges associated with these technologies, such as concerns about cybersecurity, infrastructure needs, and potential job displacement. As these technologies continue to evolve, it will be important to address these challenges and ensure that they are deployed in ways that benefit society as a whole.

Robots, non-humanoid

• Robots are machines designed to perform tasks autonomously, without direct human intervention. Non-humanoid robots are robots that do not have a humanoid form, meaning they do not have a body that resembles a human body.
• Instead, non-humanoid robots come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, and are designed to perform a wide range of tasks.
• Some examples of non-humanoid robots include:
  • Drones: Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles that can be controlled remotely or fly autonomously. They are commonly used for aerial photography and video, but also have applications in agriculture, search and rescue, and package delivery.
  • Industrial robots: Industrial robots are used in manufacturing and production to perform repetitive or dangerous tasks. They can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks, from welding and painting to assembly and packaging.
  • Service robots: Service robots are designed to interact with humans and perform tasks in settings such as homes, hospitals, and hotels. They can include robots that clean floors, assist with cooking and cleaning, or provide companionship for people who live alone.
  • Agricultural robots: Agricultural robots are used in farming to perform tasks such as planting, harvesting, and weeding. They can help to reduce labour costs and increase productivity, while also reducing the use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals.
  • Non-humanoid robots are becoming increasingly common in a wide range of industries, and have the potential to transform the way we work and live. As these technologies continue to evolve, it will be important to ensure that they are developed and deployed in ways that benefit society as a whole.

Environmental management technologies

• Environmental management technologies are technologies designed to help manage environmental issues and protect the environment.
• Here are some examples of environmental management technologies:
  • Pollution control technologies: These technologies help to reduce pollution and limit its impact on the environment. Examples include air pollution control systems, wastewater treatment plants, and hazardous waste management systems.
  • Renewable energy technologies: These technologies help to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and promote the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power. Examples include solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal energy systems.
  • Green building technologies: These technologies help to reduce the environmental impact of buildings by reducing energy use, improving indoor air quality, and reducing waste. Examples include green roofs, passive solar design, and energy-efficient building materials.
  • Sustainable agriculture technologies: These technologies help to promote sustainable farming practices and reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. Examples include precision agriculture technologies, organic farming methods, and sustainable water management systems.
  • Waste management technologies: These technologies help to manage and reduce the amount of waste generated by society. Examples include recycling technologies, composting systems, and waste-to-energy systems.
• Overall, environmental management technologies are essential for promoting sustainable development and protecting the environment for future generations. As environmental concerns continue to grow, it will be increasingly important to develop and implement innovative environmental management technologies to help address these challenges.

Climate-change mitigation technology

• Climate change mitigation technology refers to technologies that help to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, thereby mitigating the impact of climate change. Here are some examples of climate change mitigation technologies:
  • Renewable energy technologies: Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power generate electricity without emitting greenhouse gases, making them a key technology for reducing emissions.
  • Carbon capture and storage (CCS): CCS involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and other industrial sources and storing them underground, preventing them from entering the atmosphere.
  • Energy efficiency technologies: Energy efficiency technologies, such as energy-efficient lighting, insulation, and appliances, reduce energy consumption and therefore reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Sustainable transportation technologies: Sustainable transportation technologies, such as electric vehicles, public transportation, and biking infrastructure, reduce emissions from transportation, which is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Low-carbon agriculture technologies: Low-carbon agriculture technologies, such as sustainable farming practices and improved crop varieties, can reduce emissions from agriculture and also help to sequester carbon in the soil.
• Overall, climate change mitigation technology is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impact of climate change. As the urgency of addressing climate change increases, it will be important to continue to develop and implement innovative climate change mitigation technologies to help reduce emissions and limit the impact of climate change.

Digital platforms and apps

• Digital platforms and apps are computer software applications that enable users to perform various tasks and interact with others in the digital world. Digital platforms typically provide an infrastructure for other applications to operate on, while apps are standalone programs that run on specific platforms or devices.
• Digital platforms and apps have already transformed many industries, and their impact is expected to grow in the future. Here are some of the ways that digital platforms and apps are likely to evolve:
  • Increased personalization: With the help of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, digital platforms and apps will become better at understanding individual users and providing personalized experiences. This could include tailored content recommendations, personalized marketing messages, and customized user interfaces.
  • Integration with other technologies: As more technologies become interconnected, digital platforms and apps will be able to offer even more features and capabilities. For example, smart home apps could integrate with health monitoring devices to provide personalized wellness recommendations.
  • Greater emphasis on security and privacy: As data breaches become more common, users are becoming more aware of the need to protect their personal information. Digital platforms and apps will need to take security and privacy seriously in order to maintain user trust.
  • More diverse business models: Digital platforms and apps are increasingly being used as a way to connect buyers and sellers, with the platform taking a percentage of each transaction. In the future, we are likely to see more innovative business models that leverage digital platforms and apps in new and creative ways.

Education and workforce development technologies

• Education and workforce development technologies have the potential to transform the way we learn and work, making it easier and more effective to acquire new skills and knowledge. As these technologies continue to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative and effective tools for education and workforce development.
• Education and workforce development technologies are technologies that are designed to enhance learning and skill development for individuals in the workforce. These technologies can include:
  • Learning management systems (LMS): LMS platforms are digital tools that enable educators to create, manage, and deliver educational content to learners. These platforms can include features like assessments, progress tracking, and communication tools.
  • Virtual and augmented reality: Virtual and augmented reality technologies can provide learners with immersive, interactive experiences that simulate real-world scenarios. This can be especially valuable for training in fields like healthcare, manufacturing, and construction.
  • Adaptive learning: Adaptive learning technologies use machine learning algorithms to personalize learning experiences for individual learners based on their strengths, weaknesses, and learning style.
  • Gamification: Gamification involves using game-like elements such as points, badges, and leader boards to motivate learners and make learning more engaging and fun.
  • Microlearning: Microlearning involves delivering content in small, bite-sized chunks that can be easily consumed on mobile devices. This approach is especially popular for just-in-time learning in the workplace.

Internet of things and connected devices

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected devices that communicate with each other and the internet, allowing them to collect and share data. Connected devices are devices that are equipped with sensors and other technologies that enable them to connect to the internet and other devices.
• IoT and connected devices have the potential to transform various industries by providing real-time data and insights that can inform decision-making and improve efficiency. Here are some of the key trends in IoT and connected devices:
  • Increased adoption: As more devices become connected to the internet, the overall number of connected devices is expected to continue to grow. This includes everything from smart home devices to industrial machinery.
  • Improved interoperability: One of the challenges of IoT has been the lack of standardization, which can make it difficult for different devices to communicate with each other. However, efforts are underway to improve interoperability and ensure that devices can work together seamlessly.
  • More focus on security: As the number of connected devices grows, so does the potential for security breaches. IoT manufacturers are increasingly focused on building in security features to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.
  • Edge computing: Edge computing involves processing data closer to the source, rather than sending it to a centralized server. This can improve response times and reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted, which can be especially valuable for IoT applications that require real-time data.
  • Advancements in AI and machine learning: AI and machine learning are increasingly being used to analyze the vast amounts of data generated by IoT devices.
• This can help businesses identify patterns and insights that can inform decision-making and improve efficiency.
• Overall, IoT and connected devices are expected to continue to grow in importance as more devices become connected and more businesses and industries adopt IoT technologies.

Cloud computing

• Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services, including software, storage, and processing power, over the internet. Instead of owning and maintaining their own computing infrastructure, businesses and individuals can rent access to these services from cloud providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.
• Cloud computing offers several benefits, including:
  • Scalability: Cloud services can be scaled up or down based on demand, allowing businesses to only pay for the computing resources they need.
  • Cost savings: Because businesses don’t need to invest in their own computing infrastructure, cloud computing can be more cost-effective than traditional on-premise computing.
  • Flexibility: Cloud services can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection, making it easier for remote workers to access the tools and resources they need.
  • Reliability: Cloud providers typically have redundant systems in place to ensure high availability and reliability.
  • Security: Cloud providers typically invest heavily in security measures to protect their infrastructure and the data stored on it.
• There are several types of cloud computing services, including:
  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides businesses with access to virtual computing resources, including storage, networking, and processing power.
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS provides businesses with a platform for developing and deploying applications, without the need to manage the underlying infrastructure.
  • Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS provides businesses with access to software applications over the internet, without the need to install and maintain the software on their own systems.
• Overall, cloud computing is expected to continue to grow in popularity as more businesses and individuals adopt cloud services for their computing needs.

Encryption and cybersecurity

• Encryption is the process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access or use. It is an essential component of cybersecurity, which refers to the practice of protecting computer systems and networks from theft, damage, or unauthorized access.
• Encryption can be used to protect data both at rest (stored on a device or server) and in transit (being transmitted over a network).
• There are several different types of encryption, including symmetric encryption, which uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data, and asymmetric encryption, which uses different keys for encryption and decryption.
• As cyber threats continue to evolve, encryption and cybersecurity technologies will continue to play a critical role in protecting sensitive data and ensuring the security of computer systems and networks.
• Cybersecurity is a complex field that encompasses a wide range of technologies and practices. Some of the key areas of cybersecurity include:
  • Network security: Network security involves protecting computer networks from unauthorized access, malware, and other threats.
  • Endpoint security: Endpoint security involves protecting individual devices, such as laptops and smartphones, from security threats.
  • Identity and access management: Identity and access management involves managing user identities and controlling access to computer systems and networks.
  • Incident response: Incident response involves responding to security incidents, such as cyber attacks or data breaches, to minimize damage and prevent future incidents.
  • Security testing: Security testing involves evaluating the security of computer systems and networks through methods such as penetration testing and vulnerability scanning.

E-commerce and digital trade

• E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. Digital trade refers to the broader range of economic activities that are enabled by digital technologies, including e-commerce, but also encompassing other activities such as data flows, digital services, and online advertising.
• E-commerce and digital trade have become increasingly important in recent years, driven in part by the growth of internet and mobile technologies. Here are some key trends in e-commerce and digital trade:
  • Increased adoption: E-commerce has become increasingly popular with consumers, with many people now choosing to shop online instead of in physical stores. Digital trade has also become increasingly important for businesses, as they look to take advantage of new opportunities in online markets.
  • Globalization: E-commerce and digital trade have made it easier for businesses to sell their products and services globally, breaking down traditional barriers to international trade.
  • Mobile commerce: With the growth of mobile devices, mobile commerce (m-commerce) has become an important part of e-commerce. Many consumers now prefer to shop using their smartphones or tablets, making it essential for businesses to have mobile-friendly websites and apps.
  • Personalization: E-commerce and digital trade have made it easier for businesses to personalize their marketing and customer experiences. By analyzing customer data, businesses can tailor their products, services, and marketing messages to individual customers.
  • Cross-border trade: E-commerce and digital trade have made it easier for businesses to engage in cross-border trade, but this has also presented new challenges related to customs, taxes, and regulations.
• Overall, e-commerce and digital trade are expected to continue to grow in importance, as businesses and consumers increasingly turn to online channels to buy and sell goods and services. However, there will also be challenges related to issues such as privacy, security, and regulation, which will need to be addressed to ensure the continued growth and success of digital trade.

Artificial intelligence

• Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and natural language processing. AI is often used to analyze large datasets, identify patterns, and make predictions based on that data.
• There are several types of AI, including:
  • Machine learning: Machine learning involves developing algorithms that allow computer systems to learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.
  • Deep learning: Deep learning is a type of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to learn from data.
  • Natural language processing: Natural language processing involves teaching computer systems to understand and interpret human language.
  • Computer vision: Computer vision involves teaching computer systems to interpret visual information, such as images and videos.
• AI has a wide range of applications, including:
  • Healthcare: AI is being used to develop more accurate diagnoses and personalized treatment plans.
  • Finance: AI is being used to detect fraud, predict market trends, and improve investment decisions.
  • Transportation: AI is being used to develop autonomous vehicles and optimize transportation systems.
  • Retail: AI is being used to personalize shopping experiences and optimize inventory management.
  • Education: AI is being used to develop personalized learning plans and provide more effective feedback to students.
• However, there are also concerns about the potential negative impact of AI, such as job displacement, bias in decision-making, and the potential misuse of AI for nefarious purposes. As AI continues to evolve and become more advanced, it will be important for businesses and society as a whole to carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of AI and work to ensure that AI is developed and used in an ethical and responsible manner.

Text, image, and voice processing

• Text, image, and voice processing are technologies that are used to analyze and extract information from various types of data.
• Text processing involves the use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques to analyze and understand written language. This can include tasks such as text classification, sentiment analysis, and named entity recognition. Text processing technologies are used in a variety of applications, such as chatbots, automated customer service, and content moderation.
• Image processing involves the use of computer vision techniques to analyze and understand visual information. This can include tasks such as image recognition, object detection, and facial recognition. Image processing technologies are used in a variety of applications, such as self-driving cars, security cameras, and medical imaging.
• Voice processing involves the use of speech recognition and natural language processing techniques to analyze and understand spoken language.
• This can include tasks such as speech-to-text transcription, voice authentication, and natural language understanding. Voice processing technologies are used in a variety of applications, such as virtual assistants, voice-controlled devices, and customer service.
• Overall, text, image, and voice processing technologies are increasingly important in our increasingly data-driven world. They enable us to extract valuable insights and information from a variety of data sources, and are being used in a wide range of applications across many different industries.

Augmented and virtual reality

• Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are two related technologies that enable users to interact with digital content in immersive and engaging ways.
• AR involves overlaying digital content, such as images or text, onto the real world. This can be done using a smartphone or tablet, or through specialized AR glasses or headsets. AR can be used for a variety of applications, such as gaming, education, and retail.
• VR, on the other hand, involves creating a completely immersive digital environment that users can interact with. This is typically done through a VR headset, which completely blocks out the real world and replaces it with a simulated environment. VR is often used for gaming and entertainment, but it also has applications in education, training, and therapy.
• Both AR and VR are increasingly being used in a variety of industries, including entertainment, education, healthcare, and manufacturing. They offer unique opportunities for engaging with digital content in new and innovative ways, and have the potential to transform the way we interact with technology.
• However, there are also challenges associated with AR and VR, including concerns about privacy, safety, and accessibility. As these technologies continue to evolve and become more widespread, it will be important to address these challenges and ensure that they are used in ways that benefit society as a whole.

Big data

• Big data refers to the large and complex sets of data that cannot be easily processed using traditional data processing tools and techniques.
• Big data technologies such as Hadoop, Spark, and NoSQL databases have emerged to store, process, and analyze large volumes of data efficiently and cost-effectively. The insights obtained from analyzing big data can help organizations make informed decisions, gain competitive advantages, and improve their overall performance.
• It is characterized by the 4 Vs:
• Volume,
• Velocity,
• Variety, and
• Veracity.
• Volume refers to the vast amounts of data that are being generated every day from various sources such as social media, IoT devices, sensors, and transactional systems.
• Velocity refers to the speed at which data is being generated and needs to be processed in real-time or near-real-time.
• Variety refers to the diverse types and formats of data such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data.
• Veracity refers to the quality and reliability of data, which can often be uncertain or inconsistent.