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Reference sections: 123(2) and Schedule II

Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 requires depreciating the asset over its useful life unlike Schedule XIV of the Companies Act, 1956 which specifies minimum rates of depreciation to be provided by a company.

Normally, prescribed companies who have to follow the accounting standard prescribed under the new act should depreciate the asset over the useful life as prescribed under the act but there is no compulsion. They can use shorter life to depreciate the asset but the same should be disclosed along with the reason of using such shorter life period in “Notes to Account”. Other companies can also depreciate the asset over shorter useful life, but note that useful life cannot exceed the life as prescribed under the act.

Before starting the analysis, let’s go through the Schedule II of the act:

PART ‘A’

1. Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. The depreciable amount of an asset is the cost of an asset or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value. The useful life of an asset is the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity, or the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by the entity.

2. For the purpose of this Schedule, the term depreciation includes amortisation.

3. Without prejudice to the foregoing provisions of paragraph 1,—

i. In case of such class of companies, as may be prescribed and whose financial statements comply with the accounting standards prescribed for such class of companies under section 133 the useful life of an asset shall not normally be different from the useful life and the residual value shall not be different from that as indicated in Part C, provided that if such a company uses a useful life or residual value which is different from the useful life or residual value indicated therein, it shall disclose the justification for the same.

ii. In respect of other companies the useful life of an asset shall not be longer than the useful life and the residual value shall not be higher than that prescribed in Part C.

iii. For intangible assets, the provisions of the Accounting Standards mentioned under sub-para (i) or (ii), as applicable, shall apply.

PART ‘B’

1. The useful life or residual value of any specific asset, as notified for accounting purposes by a Regulatory Authority constituted under an Act of Parliament or by the Central Government shall be applied in calculating the depreciation to be provided for such asset irrespective of the requirements of this Schedule.

Notes

1. “Factory buildings” does not include offices, godowns, staff quarters.

2. Where, during any financial year, any addition has been made to any asset, or where any asset has been sold, discarded, demolished or destroyed, the depreciation on such assets shall be calculated on a pro rata basis from the date of such addition or, as the case may be, up to the date on which such asset has been sold, discarded, demolished or destroyed.

3. The following information shall also be disclosed in the accounts, namely:—

i. depreciation methods used; and

ii. the useful lives of the assets for computing depreciation, if they are different from the life specified in the Schedule.

4. Useful life specified in Part C of the Schedule is for whole of the asset. Where cost of a part of the asset is significant to total cost of the asset and useful life of that part is different from the useful life of the remaining asset, useful life of that significant part shall be determined separately.

5. Depreciable amount is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value. Ordinarily, the residual value of an asset is often insignificant but it should generally be not more than 5% of the original cost of the asset.

6. The useful lives of assets working on shift basis have been specified in the Schedule based on their single shift working. Except for assets in respect of which no extra shift depreciation is permitted (indicated by NESD in Part C above), if an asset is used for any time during the year for double shift, the depreciation will increase by 50% for that period and in case of the triple shift the depreciation shall be calculated on the basis of 100% for that period.

7. From the date this Schedule comes into effect, the carrying amount of the asset as on that date—

a. shall be depreciated over the remaining useful life of the asset as per this Schedule;

b. after retaining the residual value, shall be recognised in the opening balance of retained earnings where the remaining useful life of an asset is nil.

8. ‘‘Continuous process plant’’ means a plant which is required and designed to operate for twenty-four hours a day.

Analysis:

Firstly let us understand the concepts related to depreciation:

i. Useful Life: life over which asset can be used subject to maximum as specified in the act.

ii. Depreciable Amount: Cost of Asset – Residual Value

iii. Residual Value: Generally not more than 5% of original cost (Note 5 of Schedule II)

iv. Carrying Amount: Not defined in the act. AS-28 defines carrying amount as the amount at which an asset is recognised in the Balance Sheet after deducting any accumulated Depreciation (amortization) and accumulated impairment losses thereon”.

Issue: Problem which arises here is that note 7 of Schedule II of the act says the asset is to be depreciated over its carrying amount but AS-28 doesn’t give any reference of residual value. So, on which value the asset is to be depreciated – WDV or WDV less residual value??

Our Opinion: Many of the articles & notes we have gone through say carrying amount is WDV of the asset. Residual value is not to be considered again while calculating depreciation under the new act i.e. (SLM method):

1. Original Cost 100
2. Original Useful Life (Co Act, 1956) 20 years
3. Depreciation rate (Co Act, 1956) 4.75 years
4. New Useful Life (Co Act, 2013) 15 years
5. Expired Life 10 years
6. Accumulated Depreciation 47.50
7. Carrying Amount (1-6) 52.50
8. Depreciation per year for next 5 years (52.50/5) 10.50

But if we depreciate without taking into account residual value:

1. Original Cost 100
2. Accumulated Depreciation under old act 47.50
3. Depreciation for the next 5 years (10.50*5) 52.50
4. Total Depreciation (3+4) 100
5. Residual Value (1-4) 0

That means we are ignoring the residual value. At the end of the useful life, value in balance sheet will be zero which is against the basic concept of the act. Note 7(b) of the schedule says to retain the residual value and transfer the rest to retained earnings. So, the same concept must apply here. Therefore, it should be in this way:

1. Original Cost 100
2. Original Useful Life (Co Act, 1956) 20 years
3. Depreciation rate (Co Act, 1956) 4.75 %
4. New Useful Life (Co Act, 2013) 15 years
5. Expired Life 10 years
6. Accumulated Depreciation 47.50
7. Carrying Amount (1-6 –Residual Value [5%]) 47.50
8. Depreciation per year for next 5 years (47.50/5) 9.50
9. Depreciation for the next 5 years (9.50*5) 47.50
10. Total Depreciation (6+9) 95
11. Residual Value (1-4) 5

 We welcome suggestions on this aspect, kindly mail your opinions/suggestions at the email id given at the end.

Calculating Depreciation under WDV method:

1. Original Cost 100
2. Original Useful Life (Co Act, 1956) 20 years
3. Depreciation rate (Co Act, 1956) 13.91 %
4. New Useful Life (Co Act, 2013) 15 years
5. Expired Life 5 years
6. Remaining Useful Life (4-5) 10 years
7. Accumulated Depreciation 52.71

 Depreciation will not be calculated over 15 years. It will be calculated over 5 years only.

Formula to calculate WDV rate:

formula

We will like to discuss how to calculate such square root:

First divide 5,000/1,00,000 : 0.05

Press under root button 12 times

Subtract 1

Divide by factor, here 10

Add 1

Press (* =) 12 times

After these, amount 0.7412

Now, 1 – 0.7412 = .2588 i.e. 25.88 %

Here, Carrying Amount = 100 – 52.71 = 47.29

Year Closing Balance
1 35.05
2 25.98
3 19.26
4 14.27
5 10.58
6 7.84
7 5.81
8 4.31
9 3.19
10 2.37

 Though residual value is not 5% of the original cost, its 5% of carrying cost. This method can be applied. More appropriate method is welcomed.

Now, what if asset has served for than useful life as prescribed under Companies Act, 2013!!

If say, asset has served 15 years till now and Schedule II specifies useful life of 15 years only, then transfer the amount i.e. Carrying Amount – Residual Value (5% of original cost) to retained earnings (reserves) – Note 7b of the schedule.

The problem which will arise here is that companies will have to calculate depreciation of each asset differently according to its useful life.

Suggestions are welcomed. Also, kindly brief us if more appropriate method can be used.

(Author ‘Sagar Gupta’ is an innovative leader in delivering corporate advisory & solutions and can be reached at sgr@sgrgupta.com)

Click here Read Other Articles of ‘Sagar Gupta’

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85 Comments

  1. Vaishnavi says:

    dear sir,
    If opening WDV of certain asset is 10450 on last year of its life and depreciation amount per year = 10450 then can I take depreciation for last year =10450?

  2. B kesavarao says:

    If acompany is closed by 30 September depretiation of computorsto be considered in days upto sep 30 or upto end of the year

  3. Vaibhav says:

    I have a question that on which amount residual value is calculated in case Govt Grant received for that fixed asset (i.e. on original cost or original cost less govt grant)

  4. prateek salampuria says:

    What if the useful life derived from Schedule XIV comes out to be 15 years, and Schedule II gives the new useful life to be 10 years, and one has depreciated the machinery for 12 years already?

  5. S.B.RAO says:

    IF THE CARRYING AMOUNT OF A PARTICULAR ASSET AS ON 01.04.2015 IS LESS THAN 5% RESIDUAL VALUE HOW WE HAVE TREAT IN BOOKS OF ACCOUNTS

  6. Anil kumar says:

    Dear Sir,
    I Purchased one fixed asset on 31.12.2016, and use full life is 5 years, how I calculate depreciationa s per Companies ACT,2013, Pl. Help me.

  7. Jatin Kapoor says:

    if the residual value is calculated @ 5% of wdv last year, now in current we calculated residual value @ 5% of original cost, will the effect of such cchange will also be required to be made in books of accounts.

  8. ashok sharma says:

    Sir,

    If Depreciation Exceed as Per New Company Act to previous years depreciation. what is the position of excess depreciation as per new company act?

  9. ABHISHEK KUMAR says:

    IF WDV OF ASSETS IS LESS THAN 5% OF RESIDUAL VALUE THEN HOW WILL BE SHOW THE DIFFERENCE AMOUNT RS.1500/- (5000-3500) AS PER COMPANIES ACT,2013.

    SUPPOSE ASSETS VALUE RS.100000/-
    WDV ONLY RS.3500/-
    BUT RESIDUAL VALUE SHOULD BE 5% OF COST i.e RS.5000/-

  10. Jigar Trivedi says:

    Dear Sir,
    This is really a good post and understandable. only in case of WDV the new rate can be determined by using the following formula in excel.

    the better formula for new rate:
    (1-ROUNDUP((s/c)^(1/n),4))*100, here,

    s= residual value
    c= original cost
    n = balance useful life.

    Hope this will help all.

    Thanks
    Jigar.

  11. Akshay naidu says:

    If someone charging depreciation as per income tax in tally(books) now he want to adopt new co act 2013. So is it necessary to calculate wdv of asset on 1.04.2014 as per co act 1956 or he can take wdv as per income tax.

  12. Deepak says:

    Hello and good morning
    my query is if Computer purchase 30/06/2013 ( useful life 3 year) So what is Remaining life ? Spouse Remaining life computer is 2.75 then calculation does not setisfied.(1-(s/c)^(1/n))*100
    please solve this

    Thanks
    Deepak

  13. prudvi says:

    sir
    if life as per old rule is 20 yrs but as per new rules is 5 yrs,life expired from the date of purchase is 15 yrs.the amount remains to depreciate is something say(rs.10000)..what should we do now as per new rules please give me reply …is it to take all rs 10000 to p&l account or anything else

  14. achu v b says:

    Hlo
    for calculating rate of depreciation ..asset purchased on 22-07-2007,how expired date calculte ? is on date of purchase i.e no. of days ?or year wise?

  15. vibhor says:

    My query is if the useful life of the asset is nil and the carrying amount is less than the residual value,what should be the treatment in books? For Example: 1. if WDV is 200 and residual value is 500 then how will it be treated? 2. if WDV is 800 and residual value is 500 then how will it be treated?

  16. vibhor says:

    My query is if the useful life of the asset is nil and the carrying amount is less than the residual value,what should be the treatment in books? For Example: 1. if WDV is 300 and residual value is 500 then how will it be treated? 2. if WDV is 800 and residual value is 500 then how will it be treated?

  17. Somnath Biradar says:

    For Calculating the rate under WDV method for assets already in existence on 01.04.2014, should we have to consider the Residual value as 5% of original cost or 5% of carrying value as suggested by many articles?
    Also what if assets were capitalised at different dates during the earlier financial years

  18. abhishek says:

    My query is if the useful life of the asset is nil and the carrying amount is less than the residual value,what should be the treatment in books? For Example: 1. if WDV is 300 and residual value is 500 then how will it be treated? 2. if WDV is 800 and residual value is 500 then how will it be treated?

  19. AMOL S AKLE says:

    Suppose laptop is purchased during F.Y. 2014-15, say on 23.04.2014 for Rs. 60,000/- then what remaining life should be taken for calculation of depreciation during for the year ended 31.03.2015?? IS it 3 years or 3.06 yrs or any thing else for calculation of rate of depreciation under WDV menthod?? whether rate will be 63.16%?? – See more at: https://taxguru.in/company-law/depreciation-companies-act-2013-practical-approach.html#comment-1743057

  20. AMOL S AKLE says:

    Suppose laptop is purchased during F.Y. 2014-15, say on 23.04.20145 for Rs. 60,000/- then what remaining life should be taken for calculation of depreciation during for the year ended 31.03.2015?? IS it 3 years or 3.06 yrs or any thing else for calculation of rate of depreciation under WDV menthod?? whether rate will be 63.16%??

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