In this article an attempt has been made to make a analysis of provisions under different laws relating to Related Party Transactions. An awareness of various provisions is very much required so as to take adequate care while entering into related party transaction and disclosing the same in the Financial Statements.
In a corporate world, the real owners are different from the management. So there is possibility that, management by using their powers may cheat the investors.
Companies Act
To have control on all these activities the Companies Act imposes certain conditions through various sections, when a company entering into any transaction in which directors are interested.
Section 297 of the Companies Act 1956 requires board approval for entering into any contract or arrangement with the related parties. However this section will cover only transactions relating to sale, purchase or supply of any goods, materials and services or for underwriting the subscription of any shares in, or debentures of, the company.
Further, there is a requirement to take central Governament approval if the company has more than one crore paid up capital.
At the same time section 297 (2) provides exemption to get approvals if (a) purchase/sale is for cash and at prevailing market prices or (b) Contract relates to goods, materials and services regularly traded or done business provided the contract is less than Rs. 5000/- (c) in the case of a banking or insurance company any transaction in the ordinary course of business of such company.
Section 299 imposes duty on directors to disclose their interest in other concerns to the Board of Directors before entering into any contract with the related parties. Sec 299 is much wider than sec 297 since it covers any contract or arrangement with entities in which director is concerned or interested. Only exception is where directors of one company taken together have less than 2 % of paid up capital of another company.
Sec 299 (1) requires that notice of such interest be disclosed by the directors. Section 299 (3) allows for a general notice of interest, which shall be valid for a year and can be renewed for a further period of one year in the last month of the Financial year. Such general notice & renewal should also be given in the Board Meeting.
Section 300 disallows the director to participate in voting when the board resolution is passed relating to any business in which he is interested. The main intentions behind these sections are to avoid personal gain by the interested director. But mere taking approval from the board to enter into transaction is not serve the purpose as outside world can’t know about this transactions.
Accounting Standard
To make investor aware about these transactions the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India Introduced Accounting Standard 18- ‘Related Party Disclosures’ and made it mandatory for companies to disclose related party transactions in the financial statements.
Indian investors may find that details of relevant related party transactions are available in a few places other than the section on related party disclosures. The section on managerial remuneration, loans/advances due from directors and subsidiaries and the auditor’s report (which may certify/qualify certain transactions) may provide important supplementary information.
In their present form, the related party disclosures (as detailed by Accounting Standard 18) may leave investors in public companies more enlightened about how the company is managed. However, there still appears to be considerable room for improving the present disclosures.
In general, the related party disclosures presented by companies to meet with the requirements of the US GAAP have been far more detailed than those presented to meet the requirements of AS-18. There are several gaps that need to be bridged.
Income Tax
A disclosure that a related party transaction was made during the year serves little purpose, unless one is apprised of the terms of the transaction and tax implication. Section 40 A (2) of the Income tax Act disallows the expenditure incurred in respect of specified persons (Related Parties) if it is the opinion of the Assessing officer that the expenditure is excessive and unreasonable. These expenditures are (a) the fair market value of goods, services or facilities for which the payment is made or persons (Related Parties) or (b) legitimate needs of business or profession of the assessee or (c) the benefit derived by or accruing to the assessee from the payment.
After having discussion on the various provisions, we move our discussion on who will be consider as related party? For this different law gives different meaning.
Companies Act
Section 297 of the Companies Act 1956, describes the transaction with the following persons as related party transaction.
a director of the company- relative of the director
- a firm in which such a director or relative is a partner
- any other partner in such a firm
- a private company of which the director is a member or director
Accounting Standard
As per Accounting Standard 18-‘Related Party Disclosures’ issued by the ICAI, Related party means “Parties are considered to be related if at any time during the reporting period one party has the ability to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and/or operating decisions” and Related Party transaction means “a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties, regardless of whether or not a price is charged. The following are the related parties as per AS-18
Holding companies, subsidiaries and fellow subsidiaries- Associates and joint ventures
- Individuals (incl. their relatives) – having voting power giving them control or significant influence
- Key management personnel including their relatives
- Enterprises where controlling individual or key managerial personnel has significant influence
However, disclosure is mandatory for the following categories of companies.
- Companies which are listed or are in process of listing
- Banks, financial institutions and insurance companies
- Enterprises having turnover > Rs. 50 cr.
- Enterprises having borrowings > Rs. 10 cr.
- Holding / subsidiary company of any of the above
If any company does not fall in any of these categories, after having been applicable earlier, then it shall continue to apply unless it is not covered in any category for 2 consecutive years.
Further, Auditing and Assurance Standard 23- Related Parties impose duty on auditor to identify and disclose the related party transaction in the financial statements.
If we make comparison between these two definitions, we will come to know that AS-18 is wider than Companies Act. The Companies Act requires approval only when a director and his/her relatives involve in the transaction. However it if the key management personnel, who is not a director involved in any transaction, the approvals are not required, even though interest is involved. However, AS 18 makes it mandatory to disclose the transaction with the key management personnel also.
Income Tax
The scope of word related party under The Income Tax Act is included the following.
(i) Where the assessee is an any relative of the assessee; individual(ii) Where the assessee is a any director of the company, company, firm, association partner of the firm, or member of persons or Hindu undivided the association or family, or any family relative of such director, partner or member;(iii) Any individual who has a substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee, or any relative of such individual; (iv) A company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family having substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee or any director, partner or member of such company, firm, association or family, or any relative of such director, partner or member; (v) A company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family of which a director, partner or member, as the case may be, has a substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee; or any director, partner or member of such company, firm, association or family or any relative of such director, partner or member; (vi) Any person who carries on a business or profession, – (A) Where the assessee being an individual, or any relative of such assessee, has a substantial interest in the business or profession of that person; or
The word relative in relation to individuals includes different persons under various laws. Schedule 1A of the companies Act 1956 gives list of 22 persons as relatives. As per the AS-18, relative means spouse, son, daughter, brother, sister, father and mother. If we compare these two acts Companies Act is wider term. The Income tax Act defines the word relative as spouse, son, and daughter, brother, sister or any lineal ascendant or descendent.
Clearly, there are more reasons than one to go through the section in the company’s annual report which details related party disclosures. It will provide a better understanding of the company’s operations.
Please explain same thing in reference to copanies act 2013
is partner’s brother’s huf related party to the firm?
A karta of HUF can be a related party in a private limited company or nota s per AS-18 or not if the Karta of Huf is brother of Director of that private limited company?
Who all are included in the term ” Related parties ” for taking loan for a propritorship.
Is fellow subsidairy considered as related party????
can reimburse incorporation expenses by director from pvt ltd company?.
can expenditure includes capital expenditure for disclosure as per income tax act
can expenditutr includes capital expenditure for disclosure as per income tax act
Proprietor given loan to Related party with free of interest and simultaneously Proprietor rises loan from market. Now AO disallow the interest of loan from market. Can Paz give any case study related to for Such Interest allow by Ao
Suppose there are two entities of a Group Company . The Group Company has appointed a Key Managerial Personnel such as CFO/CEO . The
I AM DRAFTING A DEED OF PATNERSHIP IN WHICH PARTY TAKES A LOAN FROM RELATED PARTY AS INTRODUCED CAPITAL WILL IT BE SHOWN IN PARTNERSHIP DEED…????
can anyone pls simplifies the meaning of Gross value of transaction as per AS-18 in Form 23AC.
Can someone guide me to the following query related to Related Party Transaction as per Companies Act 2013.
A Ltd is an Indian Company which is a subsidiary of B Ltd (Foreign Company).
A transaction needs to take place between these two companies and the transaction is a valid transaction covered under the scope of RTP Provisions as per Companies Act, 2013.
Now the query is whether the RTP provisions will be applicable to such transaction taking place. As in the law it is – Related Party means
vi) A body corporate whose board, managing director or
manager is accustomed to act in accordance with the
advice, directions or instructions of a director or manager,
except if advice is given in the professional capacity
(vii) Any person on whose advice, directions or instructions a
director or manager is accustomed to act, except if advice
is given in the professional capacity
(viii) Any company which is:
(A) A holding, subsidiary or an associate company of
such company; or
(B) A subsidiary of a holding company to which it is also.
With regard to the provisions please guide me in detail.
Thanks in advance
In case of a company, which has formed a Trust to undertake Corporate Social Responsbility activities, will the transaction of such nature which is for social development come under related parties and require board approval or audit committee approval.
If company promoted by finaicial institutions is demerged into two entities with the promoters holding same %age of shares in both the companies but there are no common directors in both the companies will the companies fall under relative party section. further if one of the comapny wants to utilise the some services of the other company will the transaction fall under related party transaction.
Please confirm whether related party transaction including taxes or not under section 297 of Companies Act
IN CASE WHER EACH KMP WITH HIS RELATIVES IS NOT HOLDING MORE THAN 20% VOTING POWER BUT TWO OR MORE KMP WITH THEIR RELATIVES ARE HOLDING MORE THAN 20% VOTING POWER, SUCH ENTERPRISE SHALL BE TREATED AS RELATED PARTY.
a shareholder of the company is a related party person up to 31/3/2011.on 31/3/2011 he sold the entire shares of the company.how will treat the transactions after sale of shares?please clarify my doubts
Dear Sir,
First of all this article is very practical, educative, clear & concise in its approach. But i have one query that in case the two persons are the common directors of three-four different private ltd. companies having controlling power of all the companies whether all these companies will remain as related party or subsidiary-holding relation will also taken place (though all the shares of the different companies in the name of individual directors only). Example ;
Mr. A (director) Mr. B (director)
ABC pvt Ltd 20% 20%
XYZ pvt Ltd. 60% 40%
KBC pvt. Ltd. 76% 24%
Please advise..
Vijay Gosain
98185 90250
In case the director is holding less than 2% of paidup capital of a bank, whether transaction is to be approved as per section 301
This opinion purely based on my interpretation..Kindly correct me if i am wrong..
@ pratima kulkarni : Under AS -18 – It will fall under related party since the relative of KMPis having significant influence over trust. It is noted that director should be KMP to attract AS-18. Under Companies Act, It does not fall either definition of Scedule IA or Section 297 or any other sections and not others. Under Income tax, i think there will not be substantial interest of trustee in trust as defined in the section hence it will not cover under 40A(2)(b). Under Public trust act i dont have any knowlege..
@ Vikas agarwal : In the case where the business expenses incurred by director and then companies reimburse does not cover under related parties transactions.
@ Hardik : If see by strict sense then it covers only director or partner or member or relative of such directors or partner or member has substantial interest has been covered hence associated companies and joint venture will not cover under section 40A(2)(b). However if the prescribed relations is there between associated companies and joint venture then it will attract.
Very Good Artcile. In case of Custom and Central Excise also “Related Party” transactions need different handling and these provisions also may kindly be explained in separate article
Though comprehensive overview but writeup does not cover on imports done by related parties and relative implication under Customs
Whether a Company can take a loan from a Trust/Society wherein mother of one of the Directors of the Company is a trustee? what are the implications of Companies Act, Income Tax Act and Public Trusts Act
Whether transaction between associates or fellow subsidiaries is said to be a related party transaction under section 40A(2)(b) of Income Tax Act
wheather reimbursement made to executive director will take part of related party transaction